Translocation of wildlife as a means of reintroducing or reinforcing threatened populations is an important conservation tool but carries health risks for the translocated animals and their progeny, as well as wildlife, domestic animals and humans in the release area. Disease risk analyses (DRA) are used to identify, prioritize and design mitigation strategies to address these threats. Here, we use a DRA undertaken for Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis) to illustrate how specific methodology can optimize mitigation strategy design. A literature review identified a total of 98 infectious hazards and 28 non-infectious hazards. Separate analyses were undertaken for disease risks in leopards from hazards of source origin (captive zoo collections and the transit pathway to the Russian Far East), or of destination origin (in breeding enclosures and wider release areas); and for disease risks in other wildlife, domesticated species or humans, similarly from hazards of source or destination origin. Hazards were assessed and ranked as priority 1, priority 2, priority 3 or low priority in each of the defined scenarios. In addition, we undertook a generic assessment of stress on individual leopards. We use three examples to illustrate the process: Chlamydophila felis, canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). We found that many potentially expensive screening procedures could be performed prior to export of leopards, putting the onus of responsibility onto the zoo sector, for which access to diagnostic testing facilities is likely to be optimal. We discuss how our methods highlighted significant data gaps relating to pathogen prevalence in the Russian Far East and likely future unpredictability, in particular with respect to CDV. There was emphasis at all stages on record keeping, meticulous planning, design, staff training and enclosure management, which are relatively financially inexpensive. Actions to minimize stress featured at all time points in the strategy and also focussed on planning, design and management.

中文翻译：

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评估重新引入的健康风险：以阿穆尔豹（Panthera pardus Orientalis）为例。

作为重新引入或加强受威胁种群的一种手段，野生动植物的转移是一种重要的保护手段，但对转移地区的动植物及其后代以及释放区的野生动植物，家畜和人类都具有健康风险。疾病风险分析（DRA）用于识别，确定优先级并设计缓解策略以应对这些威胁。在这里，我们使用针对阿穆尔豹（Panthera pardus Orientalis）的DRA来说明特定方法如何优化缓解策略设计。文献综述共鉴定出98种传染病危害和28种非传染病危害。对豹子的疾病风险进行了单独分析，原因是其来源有危害（人工饲养的动物园和通往俄罗斯远东的运输途径），或目的地来源（在繁殖圈和更广泛的释放区域）；以及其他野生动植物，驯养物种或人类的疾病风险，同样来自源或目的地来源的危害。在每种定义的场景中，评估危害并将其分类为优先级1，优先级2，优先级3或低优先级。此外，我们对豹子的压力进行了一般性评估。我们用三个例子来说明这一过程：猫嗜衣藻，犬瘟热病毒（CDV）和猫免疫缺陷病毒（FIV）。我们发现，在出口豹子之前可以执行许多潜在的昂贵筛查程序，这将责任推给了动物园部门，为此，最好使用诊断测试设施。我们讨论了我们的方法如何突出显示与俄罗斯远东地区病原体流行有关的重大数据空白，以及未来可能的不可预测性，尤其是CDV。在各个阶段都强调记录保存，精心计划，设计，人员培训和围栏管理，这在财务上相对便宜。在策略的所有时间点都采取了使压力最小化的措施，并且还着重于计划，设计和管理。