Testosterone is often considered a critical regulator of aggressive behaviour. There is castration/replacement evidence that testosterone indeed drives aggression in some species, but causal evidence in humans is generally lacking and/or-for the few studies that have pharmacologically manipulated testosterone concentrations-inconsistent. More often researchers have examined differences in baseline testosterone concentrations between groups known to differ in aggressiveness (e.g., violent vs non-violent criminals) or within a given sample using a correlational approach. Nevertheless, testosterone is not static but instead fluctuates in response to cues of challenge in the environment, and these challenge-induced fluctuations may more strongly regulate situation-specific aggressive behaviour. Here, we quantitatively summarize literature from all three approaches (baseline, change, and manipulation), providing the most comprehensive meta-analysis of these testosterone-aggression associations/effects in humans to date. Baseline testosterone shared a weak but significant association with aggression (r = 0.054, 95% CIs [0.028, 0.080]), an effect that was stronger and significant in men (r = 0.071, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.101]), but not women (r = 0.002, 95% CIs [-0.041, 0.044]). Changes in T were positively correlated with aggression (r = 0.108, 95% CIs [0.041, 0.174]), an effect that was also stronger and significant in men (r = 0.162, 95% CIs [0.076, 0.246]), but not women (r = 0.010, 95% CIs [-0.090, 0.109]). The causal effects of testosterone on human aggression were weaker yet, and not statistically significant (r = 0.046, 95% CIs [-0.015, 0.108]). We discuss the multiple moderators identified here (e.g., offender status of samples, sex) and elsewhere that may explain these generally weak effects. We also offer suggestions regarding methodology and sample sizes to best capture these associations in future work.

中文翻译：

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睾丸激素与人类的侵略性有联系吗？对人类侵略性基线，动态和操纵睾丸激素之间的关系进行荟萃分析。

睾丸激素通常被认为是侵略性行为的关键调节剂。有cast割/替代证据表明睾丸激素确实在某些物种中引起了侵略，但人类缺乏因果关系的证据和/或-药理上操纵睾丸激素浓度的少数研究不一致。研究人员更经常地使用相关性方法研究了已知攻击力不同的人群之间（例如，暴力与非暴力罪犯）或给定样本中基线睾丸激素浓度的差异。然而，睾丸激素不是静态的，而是根据环境中挑战的提示而波动，这些挑战引起的波动可能更强烈地调节针对特定情况的攻击性行为。这里，我们从三种方法（基线，变更和操作）中定量总结了文献，提供了迄今对人类这些睾丸激素-攻击性关联/效应的最全面的荟萃分析。基线睾丸激素与侵略性之间存在弱但显着的关联（r = 0.054，95％CI [0.028，0.080]），这种作用在男性中更为明显（r = 0.071，95％CI [0.041，0.101]），但而非女性（r = 0.002，95％CI [-0.041，0.044]）。T的变化与攻击性呈正相关（r = 0.108，95％CI [0.041，0.174]），这种作用在男性中也更强和显着（r = 0.162，95％CI [0.076，0.246]），但与男性无关。女性（r = 0.010，95％CI [-0.090，0.109]）。睾丸激素对人类侵略的因果作用较弱，但无统计学意义（r = 0.046，95％CI [-0.015，0。108]）。我们将讨论此处确定的多个主持人（例如，犯罪者的身份，性别）以及其他地方可以解释这些总体上较弱的影响的主持人。我们还提供有关方法和样本量的建议，以在将来的工作中最好地把握这些关联。