Tumor immunotherapy has resulted in dramatic effects in some cancer types, including curing of previously untreatable patients. However, the response rates are typically very heterogenous, with some patients showing dramatic responses whereas others do not or only barely respond. Consequently, there has been an ever-increasing research effort to better understand the factors that govern immunotherapy responsiveness and efficiency in order to identify predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. Clearly, traits of the tumor cells as well as aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) play an important role in this regard. However, a growing tumor not only interacts with cells in its immediate vicinity, but also reciprocally communicates with the entire host organism (and its microbiota). Thus, systemic influences on tumor growth and progression are likely to be similarly important as the microenvironment. In this review, we focus on various aspects of the “tumor organismal environment” (TOE), namely the lymphatic, the hematopoietic, the microbial, the neurogenic and the metabolic environment, and discuss their impact on tumor growth and immunotherapy.

肿瘤免疫疗法已在某些类型的癌症中产生了巨大的影响，包括治愈了以前无法治愈的患者。但是，反应速度通常非常不同，有些患者表现出剧烈的反应，而另一些则没有或仅勉强反应。因此，为了确定预测性的生物标志物和新的治疗靶标，人们进行了越来越多的研究工作，以更好地理解控制免疫疗法反应性和效率的因素。显然，肿瘤细胞的特性以及肿瘤微环境（TME）的方面在这方面起着重要的作用。但是，生长中的肿瘤不仅与其附近的细胞相互作用，而且还与整个宿主生物（及其微生物群）相互交流。因此，对肿瘤生长和进展的全身性影响可能与微环境同样重要。在这篇综述中，我们关注“肿瘤生物环境”（TOE）的各个方面，即淋巴，造血，微生物，神经源性和代谢环境，并讨论它们对肿瘤生长和免疫疗法的影响。