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Intelligence gain and social cost savings attributable to environmental lead exposure reduction strategies since the year 2000 in Flanders, Belgium.
Environmental Health ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-27 , DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0548-5
Sylvie Remy 1, 2, 3 , Ramona Hambach 4 , Marc Van Sprundel 2 , Caroline Teughels 5 , Tim S Nawrot 6, 7 , Jurgen Buekers 1 , Christa Cornelis 1 , Liesbeth Bruckers 8 , Greet Schoeters 1, 3, 9
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Recent lead (Pb) exposure reduction strategies enabled to lower children's blood lead levels (B-Pb) worldwide. This study reports the estimated intelligence gain and social cost savings attributable to recent exposure reduction based on reported B-Pb levels observed in adolescents sampled within the framework of the Flemish Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS, Belgium), i.e. in 2003-2004 (FLEHSI), in 2008-2009 (FLEHSII), and in 2013-2014 (FLEHSIII). METHODS Intelligence Quotient (IQ) loss per 100,000 individuals - attributable to B-Pb above 20 μg/L - was estimated based on widely accepted dose response functions between children's B-Pb and IQ (- 1.88 IQ points for a duplication in B-Pb from 20 μg/L onwards; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): - 1.16;-2.59) and B-Pb exposure distribution parameters of FLEHS studies. The results were translated to the Flemish population of 15-year-olds. Given a 3-year time gap between subsequent sampling periods, the exposure distribution of each study was assumed 3 years prior to the study as well. Economic impact was estimated based on expected decrease in lifetime earnings (€ 19,464 per decreasing IQ point in 2018). RESULTS The percentage of the adolescent population exceeding a B-Pb of 20 μg/L decreased from 57% (FLEHSI) to 23% (FLEHSII), and even further to 2.5% (FLEHSIII). The estimated IQ loss per 100,000 individuals was 94,280 (95% CI: 58,427-130,138) in FLEHSI, 14,993 (95% CI: 9289-20,695) in FLEHSII, and 976 (95% CI: 604-1347) in FLEHSIII. This translates into a total loss of 378,962 (95%CI: 234,840-523,091) IQ points within the Flemish population of 15-year-olds between 2000 and 2014. Assuming that current exposure levels do not reincrease, the expected IQ loss during the subsequent period of 15 years is estimated to be maximally 10,275 (95%CI: 6363-14,182) points. CONCLUSIONS 7176 (95%CI: 4447-9905) million € of social cost savings were achieved by Pb reduction strategies in Flanders over 15 years. If current exposure levels further reduce to B-Pb below 20 μg/L for the whole population, social cost savings may increase up to 7376 (95%CI: 4571-10,181) million €. Given the relatively low lead contamination in Flanders, the global impact of ongoing reduction strategies is expected to be tremendous.

中文翻译:

自2000年以来,比利时法兰德斯的环境减少铅战略可归因于情报获取和社会成本节省。

背景技术最近减少铅(Pb)暴露的策略使得能够降低全世界儿童的血铅水平(B-Pb)。这项研究报告了根据弗拉芒语环境与健康研究(比利时,FLEHS),即2003-2004年(FLEHSI)在青少年中观察到的报告的B-Pb水平,归因于最近暴露减少导致的估计智力提高和社会成本节省。 ),2008-2009(FLEHSII)和2013-2014(FLEHSIII)。方法基于儿童B-Pb和IQ之间广泛接受的剂量反应函数(每B铅重复1.88 IQ点),估算每100,000个人的智商(IQ)损失-归因于B-Pb高于20μg/ L从20μg/ L起; 95%置信区间(CI):-1.16; -2.59)和FLEHS研究的B-Pb暴露分布参数。结果被翻译成15岁的佛兰芒人。给定后续采样周期之间的3年时间间隔,每项研究的暴露分布也假定在研究之前3年。经济影响是根据预期的终身收入减少估算的(2018年每降低的IQ点为19,464欧元)。结果B-Pb超过20μg/ L的青少年人口百分比从57%(FLEHSI)降至23%(FLEHSII),甚至进一步降至2.5%(FLEHSIII)。在FLEHSI中,每100,000个人的估计IQ损失为94,280(95%CI:58,427-130,138),在FLEHSII中是14,993(95%CI:9289-20,695),在FLEHSIII中是976(95%CI:604-1347)。在2000年至2014年之间,这意味着15岁的弗拉芒族人口智商总损失378,962(95%CI:234,840-523,091)。假设当前的暴露水平没有增加,则在随后的15年中,预期的IQ损失估计最高为10,275(95%CI:6363-14,182)点。结论在过去的15年中,法兰德斯采用了减少铅的策略,节省了7176欧元(95%CI:4447-9905)百万欧元的社会成本。如果当前整个人群的暴露水平进一步降低至B-Pb低于20μg/ L,则社会成本节省可能增加至7376(95%CI:4571-10,181)百万欧元。鉴于法兰德斯的铅污染相对较低,因此,持续的减排策略对全球的影响预计将是巨大的。(4447-9905),法兰德斯(Planders)过去15年间通过减少铅的策略实现了社会成本节省€百万。如果当前整个人群的暴露水平进一步降低至B-Pb低于20μg/ L,则社会成本节省可能增加至7376(95%CI:4571-10,181)百万欧元。鉴于法兰德斯的铅污染相对较低,因此,持续的减排策略对全球的影响预计将是巨大的。(4447-9905),法兰德斯(Planders)过去15年间通过减少铅的策略实现了社会成本节省€百万。如果当前整个人群的暴露水平进一步降低至B-Pb低于20μg/ L,则社会成本节省可能增加至7376(95%CI:4571-10,181)百万欧元。鉴于法兰德斯的铅污染相对较低,因此,持续的减排策略对全球的影响预计将是巨大的。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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