There is little information in scientific literature as to how conditions created by a microcystin (MC) producing cyanobacterial bloom affect the oxidant/antioxidant, biotransformation and neurotoxicity parameters in adult frogs in situ. We investigated biochemical parameters in the skin and muscle of Pelophylax kl. esculentus from Lake Ludaš (Serbia) by comparing frogs that live on the northern bloom side (BS) of the lake with those that inhabit the southern no-bloom side (NBS). A higher protein carbonylation level and lower antioxidant defense system capability in the skin of frogs living in conditions of the cyanobacterial bloom were observed. Inhibition of glutathione-dependent machinery was the major mechanism responsible for the induction of cyanobacterial bloom-mediated oxidative stress in frog skin. On the other hand, the detected higher ability of muscle to overcome bloom prooxidant toxicity was linked to a higher efficiency of the biotransformation system through glutathione-S-transferase activity and/or was the consequence of indirect exposure of the tissue to the bloom. Our results have also revealed that the cyanobacterial bloom conditions induced the cholinergic neurotransmitter system in both tissues. This study provides a better understanding of the ecotoxicological impact of the MC producing cyanobacterial bloom on frogs in situ. However, further investigations of the complex mechanism involved in cyanobacterial bloom toxicity in real environmental conditions are required.

中文翻译：

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百日咳皮肤和肌肉中的生化参数。esculentus frogs：原位蓝藻水华的影响。

在科学文献中，关于产生蓝藻水华的微囊藻毒素（MC）产生的条件如何影响成年蛙原位的氧化剂/抗氧化剂，生物转化和神经毒性参数的信息很少。我们调查了Pelophylax kl皮肤和肌肉中的生化参数。esculentus来自卢达斯湖（塞尔维亚），比较了生活在该湖北部开花侧（BS）和南部无开花侧（NBS）的青蛙。观察到生活在蓝藻水华条件下的青蛙的皮肤中较高的蛋白质羰基化水平和较低的抗氧化防御系统能力。谷胱甘肽依赖性机制的抑制是导致蛙皮中蓝细菌花期介导的氧化应激诱导的主要机制。另一方面，通过谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性，检测到的较高的肌肉克服花前氧化剂毒性的较高能力与生物转化系统的更高效率有关，和/或是组织间接暴露于花后的结果。我们的研究结果还表明，蓝藻开花条件在两种组织中均诱导了胆碱能神经递质系统。这项研究更好地了解了MC产生的蓝藻水华对青蛙的生态毒理学影响。但是，需要进一步研究在实际环境条件下涉及蓝藻水华毒性的复杂机理。