Elite swimmers and swimming pool employees are likely to be at greater health risk due to their regular and intense exposure to air stressors in the indoor swimming pool environment. Since data on the real long-term exposure is limited, a long-term monitoring and sampling plan (22 non-consecutive days, from March to July 2017) was carried out in an indoor Olympic-size pool with a chlorine-based disinfection method to characterize indoor environments to which people involved in elite swimming and maintenance staff may be exposed to. A comprehensive set of parameters related with comfort and environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO2) and monoxide and ultrafine particles (UFP)) were monitored both indoors and outdoors in order to determine indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Additionally, an analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration and its dynamics was implemented in three 1-hr periods: early morning, evening elite swimmers training session and late evening. Samplings were simultaneously carried out in the air layer above the water surface and in the air surrounding the pool, selected to be representative of swimmers and coaches/employees' breathing zones, respectively. The results of this work showed that the indoor climate was very stable in terms of air temperature, RH and CO2. In terms of the other measured parameters, mean indoor UFP number concentrations (5158 pt/cm3) were about 50% of those measured outdoors whereas chloroform was the predominant substance detected in all samples collected indoors (13.0-369.3 µg/m3), among a varied list of chemical compounds. An I/O non-trihalomethanes (THM) VOC concentration ratio of 2.7 was also found, suggesting that, beyond THM, other potentially hazardous VOC have also their source(s) indoors. THM and non-THM VOC concentration were found to increase consistently during the evening training session and exhibited a significant seasonal pattern. Compared to their coaches, elite swimmers seemed to be exposed via inhalation to significantly higher total THM levels, but to similar concentrations of non-THM VOC, during routine training activities. Regarding swimming employees, the exposure to THM and other VOC appeared to be significantly minimized during the early morning period. The air/water temperature ratio and RH were identified as important parameters that are likely to trigger the transfer processes of volatile substances from water to air and of their accumulation in the indoor environment of the swimming pool, respectively.

中文翻译：

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综合评估奥林匹克氯化游泳池的室内空气质量。

优秀的游泳者和游泳池员工由于在室内游泳池环境中经常和大量暴露于空气压力源中而可能面临更大的健康风险。由于有关实际长期暴露的数据有限，因此在室内奥林匹克规模的游泳池中采用氯基消毒方法进行了长期监测和抽样计划（从2017年3月至7月为连续22天）来表征从事游泳和保养工作的人员可能会接触到的室内环境的特征。在室内和室外均监测与舒适度和环境条件（温度，相对湿度（RH），二氧化碳（CO2）以及一氧化碳和超细颗粒（UFP））相关的一组综合参数，以确定室内到室外（ I / O）比率。此外，在三个1小时的时间内对挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的浓度及其动力学进行了分析：清晨，夜间精英游泳训练和深夜。在水面以上的空气层和泳池周围的空气中同时进行采样，分别被选为代表游泳者和教练/雇员的呼吸区。这项工作的结果表明，室内环境在气温，相对湿度和二氧化碳方面非常稳定。在其他测量参数方面，室内UFP的平均浓度（5158 pt / cm3）约为室外测量的50％，而氯仿是在室内采集的所有样品（13.0-369.3 µg / m3）中检测到的主要物质。不同种类的化合物。还发现I / O非三卤甲烷（THM）的VOC浓度比为2.7，这表明除THM以外，其他潜在危险的VOC也有其室内来源。在夜间训练期间，THM和非THM VOC浓度持续增加，并表现出明显的季节性模式。与他们的教练相比，在常规训练活动中，精英游泳者似乎因吸入而暴露于明显较高的总THM水平，但暴露于相似浓度的非THM VOC。对于游泳从业人员，在清晨期间，接触THM和其他VOC的机会似乎已大大减少。