As a high value commodity on the market, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a suitable target for fraudsters. To understand differences in perceived fraud vulnerability between tier groups across the EVOO supply chain and to disclose underlying factors, the perceived fraud vulnerability of 28 companies was examined using the SSAFE food fraud vulnerability assessment tool. Amongst these companies were seven olive oil producers, seven business-to-business (B2B) companies, seven food manufacturers and seven retailers. The similarities and differences in perceived fraud vulnerabilities according to group characteristics (the role, the scale and the location of the company) were evaluated. Non-parametric tests and multiple correspondence analysis were applied for data exploration. An in-depth fraud vulnerability assessment of the EVOO supply chain was provided. Eight fraud factors related to opportunities and motivations scored high in the supply chain indicating their importance as fraud drivers and enablers. Four factors related to control measures are perceived as greatest vulnerability in the EVOO supply chain. Then, the vulnerability to fraud in the EVOO supply chain across all actors is perceived as high level on average. In decreasing contribution to the overall perceived fraud vulnerability, the fraud factor categories were ranked as follow: technical opportunities, a lack of managerial controls, a lack of technical controls, economic drivers, cultural and behavioural drivers, and opportunities in time and place. Among the tier groups, the retailers and B2B companies experienced higher levels of perceived vulnerability than olive oil producers and food manufacturers due to the additional vulnerability related to the opportunities in time and place, and greatest lack of control measures. Furthermore, the perceived fraud vulnerability of the company was not only determined by the tier group, but also impacted by the scale and location of the company.

中文翻译：

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食品欺诈：评估特级初榨橄榄油供应链中的欺诈漏洞

作为市场上的高价值商品，特级初榨橄榄油 (EVOO) 是欺诈者的合适目标。为了了解整个 EVOO 供应链层级组之间感知欺诈漏洞的差异并披露潜在因素，使用 SSAFE 食品欺诈漏洞评估工具检查了 28 家公司的感知欺诈漏洞。在这些公司中，有七家橄榄油生产商、七家企业对企业 (B2B) 公司、七家食品制造商和七家零售商。根据群体特征（公司的角色、规模和位置）评估感知欺诈漏洞的异同。非参数检验和多重对应分析被应用于数据探索。提供了对 EVOO 供应链的深入欺诈漏洞评估。八个与机会和动机相关的欺诈因素在供应链中得分很高，表明它们作为欺诈驱动因素和推动因素的重要性。与控制措施相关的四个因素被认为是 EVOO 供应链中最大的脆弱性。然后，EVOO 供应链中所有参与者的欺诈脆弱性被认为是高水平的。在减少对整体感知欺诈脆弱性的贡献方面，欺诈因素类别排列如下：技术机会、缺乏管理控制、缺乏技术控制、经济驱动因素、文化和行为驱动因素以及时间和地点的机会。在等级组中，由于与时间和地点的机会相关的额外脆弱性以及最缺乏控制措施，零售商和 B2B 公司的感知脆弱性水平高于橄榄油生产商和食品制造商。此外，公司感知的欺诈漏洞不仅由层级组决定，还受公司规模和位置的影响。