Hydrogen is known as a technically viable and benign energy vector for applications ranging from the small-scale power supply in off-grid modes to large-scale chemical energy exports. However, with hydrogen being naturally unavailable in its pure form, traditionally reliant industries such as oil refining and fertilisers have sourced it through emission-intensive gasification and reforming of fossil fuels. Although the deployment of hydrogen as an alternative energy vector has long been discussed, it has not been realised because of the lack of low-cost hydrogen generation and conversion technologies. The recent tipping point in the cost of some renewable energy technologies such as wind and photovoltaics (PV) has mobilised continuing sustained interest in renewable hydrogen through water splitting. This paper presents a critical review of the current state of the arts of hydrogen supply chain as a forwarding energy vector, comprising its resources, generation and storage technologies, demand market, and economics.

氢是一种技术上可行且良性的能源载体，其应用范围很广，从离网模式的小型电源到大规模的化学能输出。但是，由于自然无法获得纯净的氢气，因此传统上依赖的行业，例如炼油和化肥，都是通过排放密集的气化和化石燃料的重整来获取的。尽管已经讨论了氢作为替代能源的应用，但由于缺乏低成本的氢产生和转化技术，因此尚未实现。最近，一些可再生能源技术（例如风能和光伏技术）的成本出现了转折点，通过水分解动员了人们对可再生氢的持续持续关注。