Achieving biodiversity conservation objectives and targets requires environmental management agencies to undertake monitoring. Several management practices have been used but are they successful? Using SANParks as an example, we focus on three cases of national parks that use different techniques to implement environmental monitoring. We assessed a top-down, bottom-up and an integrated approach to setting targets using Table Mountain, Mokala and Bontebok National Parks respectively. Attainment of national and international objectives from State of Biodiversity assessment scores and achievement of objectives within individual Park Management Plans served as measurement criteria. We highlight several reasons for lack of achievement of objectives and targets for protected areas and illustrate that setting of objectives and monitoring must have complete full integration into park operations, both on staff and budget scales, rather than be seen as an external function from service divisions within parks or external service providers. An integrated approach to setting of objectives and targets of national and international importance is best achieved via the robust implementation of strategic adaptive management with interventions, measurement, reflection and adaptation integrated as learning by doing. Our results may not be unique but only a few organizations implement adaptive management in its full context.

中文翻译：

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自上而下和自下而上的过程，以在保护区中实施生物监测。

实现生物多样性保护的目标和指标需要环境管理机构进行监测。已经使用了几种管理实践，但它们成功了吗？以SANParks为例，我们重点介绍了三种使用不同技术实施环境监测的国家公园案例。我们分别评估了使用桌山，莫卡拉和邦特博克国家公园制定目标的自上而下，自下而上和综合的方法。从生物多样性状况评估得分中实现国家和国际目标，以及在单个公园管理计划中实现目标作为衡量标准。我们着重指出了未能实现保护区目标的几个原因，并说明了目标的制定和监控必须完全纳入人员和预算规模上的公园运营，而不是被视为服务部门的外部职能。在公园或外部服务提供商内部。通过强有力地实施战略适应性管理，将干预，测量，反思和适应作为边做边学相结合，最好地实现了制定具有国家和国际重要性的目标和目标的综合方法。我们的结果可能不是唯一的，但只有少数组织在其全部环境中实施适应性管理。而不是被公园内的服务部门或外部服务提供商视为外部功能。通过强有力地实施战略适应性管理，将干预，测量，反思和适应作为边做边学相结合，最好地实现了制定具有国家和国际重要性的目标和目标的综合方法。我们的结果可能不是唯一的，但是只有少数组织在其全部环境中实施适应性管理。而不是被公园内的服务部门或外部服务提供商视为外部功能。通过强有力地实施战略适应性管理，将干预，测量，反思和适应作为边做边学相结合，最好地实现了制定具有国家和国际重要性的目标和目标的综合方法。我们的结果可能不是唯一的，但是只有少数组织在其全部环境中实施适应性管理。