Abstract Hollow/porous structured SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple oxidation of dense metal chalcogenide precursors via nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion effect. First, tin chalcogenide (SnS, SnSe) nanoparticles were synthesized by mechanochemical method, which is considered a facile, scalable, and eco-friendly process. Hollow/porous-walled SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple oxidation of the prepared Sn chalcogenide precursors, for which the transformation mechanism was verified in detail. Nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion process was thoroughly investigated by morphological, crystallographic, and elemental analyses performed at various oxidation temperatures and times. To examine the morphological effect of hollow/porous-walled SnO2 nanoparticles on the electrochemical performance, the synthesized nanoparticles were applied as anode material in a lithium-ion battery. Anode material showed highly improved electrochemical properties compared to its dense counterpart, with 83% capacity retention from the second cycle at the 400th cycle and capacity of 302 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 30 A g−1.

中文翻译：

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中空/多孔壁 SnO2 通过具有不规则颗粒的纳米级柯肯德尔扩散

摘要 通过纳米级柯肯德尔扩散效应对致密金属硫属化物前驱体进行简单氧化，合成了空心/多孔结构的 SnO2 纳米粒子。首先，通过机械化学方法合成了锡硫属化物（SnS，SnSe）纳米颗粒，该方法被认为是一种简便、可扩展且环保的工艺。中空/多孔壁SnO2纳米颗粒是通过简单氧化制备的Sn硫属化物前体合成的，并对其转化机制进行了详细验证。通过在不同氧化温度和时间下进行的形态学、晶体学和元素分析，对纳米级柯肯德尔扩散过程进行了彻底的研究。为了检查空心/多孔壁 SnO2 纳米颗粒对电化学性能的影响，合成的纳米颗粒被用作锂离子电池的负极材料。与其致密的对应物相比，阳极材料显示出高度改进的电化学性能，在第 400 次循环的第二次循环中容量保持率为 83%，在 30 A g-1 的高电流密度下容量为 302 mA hg-1。