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Mixed-Acid-Assisted Hydrothermal Process for Simultaneous Preparation and Carboxylation of Needle-Shaped Cellulose Nanocrystals
ACS Applied Polymer Materials ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-08 , DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.9b00947
Arun Saini 1 , Chandravati Yadav 1 , Bai-Liang Xue 1 , Nan Wang 1 , Lei Dai 1 , Xinping Li 1
Affiliation  

In this study, a mixed-acid-assisted system utilizing a combination of a weak acid (citric acid, CA) and strong acid (H2SO4, SA) under hydrothermal reaction conditions was proposed for simultaneous preparation and modification (carboxylation) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Bleached bamboo pulp was used as the cellulose source, and the optimized reaction conditions were further used to produce carboxylated CNCs (cCNCs) from microcrystalline cellulose and Whatman 1 filter paper. Different concentrations of CA and SA (namely, 40 wt % CA (optimized concentration) and 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt % SA) were used for the hydrolytic processing of raw cellulosic material under hydrothermal conditions. The effect of various concentrations of CA and SA on the yield, carboxylate content, microstructure, crystallinity, thermal, and rheological characteristics of cCNCs were methodically investigated and contrasted. The optimized hydrothermal reaction conditions performed for 4 h at 100 °C using a mixture of 40 wt % CA and only 20 wt % SA yielded needle-shaped cCNCs with a yield higher than 70%. The carboxyl functionalization of CNCs was affirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and conductometric titrimetric method. The results revealed the carboxylate content of 1.18 mmol/g corresponding to an average degree of oxidation of ∼0.20. The length of nanocrystals lies in the range of 280–420 nm with diameter ranging from 10 to 20 nm, as was perceived through microstructural analytical tools like field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Dynamic light scattering analysis gives an average size of ∼200 nm. The visual inspection revealed high colloidal stability of cCNCs dispersions, which was further supported through its appreciable Zeta potential value of ca. −49.5 mV. Further, the rheological characterizations revealed typical features reminiscent of critical gels showing elastic behavior of cCNCs. Nanocomposite films of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with different loadings of cCNCs were fabricated using a simple solvent casting method. The incorporation of very small amounts of cCNCs (0.1 wt %) in HPMC resulted in ∼58% increment in tensile strength, ∼10% increment in modulus, and ∼82% increment in elongation. Moreover, the composite films exhibited high transparency and appreciable water barrier properties that allow their potential application as barrier and transparent films for various applications.

中文翻译:

混合酸辅助水热工艺同时制备和针状纤维素纳米晶体的羧化。

在这项研究中,混合酸辅助系统利用了弱酸(柠檬酸,CA)和强酸(H 2 SO 4)的组合提出了在水热反应条件下同时制备和修饰(羧化)纤维素纳米晶体(CNCs)的方法。将漂白的竹浆用作纤维素来源,并进一步利用优化的反应条件从微晶纤维素和Whatman 1滤纸生产羧化的CNCs(cCNC)。不同浓度的CA和SA(即40 wt%的CA(最佳浓度)和5、10、20和30 wt%的SA)用于在水热条件下对纤维素原料进行水解处理。有系统地研究和对比了不同浓度的CA和SA对cCNCs的收率,羧酸盐含量,微观结构,结晶度,热学和流变特性的影响。使用40 wt%CA和仅20 wt%SA的混合物在100°C下进行了4 h的优化水热反应条件,得到的针状cCNC产率高于70%。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱和电导滴定法确定了氯化萘的羧基官能度。结果表明,羧酸盐含量为1.18 mmol / g,相当于平均氧化度约为0.20。纳米晶体的长度在280–420 nm范围内,直径范围从10到20 nm,这是通过诸如场发射扫描电子显微镜,透射电子显微镜和原子力显微镜之类的微观结构分析工具所观察到的。动态光散射分析得出的平均尺寸约为200 nm。肉眼检查表明cCNCs分散体具有很高的胶体稳定性,通过其大约为的Zeta电位值进一步得到了支持。−49.5毫伏。此外,流变学特征揭示了典型特征,使人想起了显示cCNCs弹性行为的关键凝胶。使用简单的溶剂流延方法制备了具有不同cCNC负载量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)纳米复合膜。在HPMC中掺入非常少量的cCNCs(0.1 wt%)可使抗张强度增加约58%,模量增加约10%,而伸长率增加约82%。此外,复合膜表现出高透明性和明显的阻水性能,从而使其有可能用作各种应用的阻隔膜和透明膜。流变学特征揭示了典型的特征,使人想起了显示cCNCs弹性行为的关键凝胶。使用简单的溶剂流延方法制备了具有不同cCNC负载量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)纳米复合膜。在HPMC中掺入非常少量的cCNCs(0.1 wt%)可使抗张强度增加约58%,模量增加约10%,而伸长率增加约82%。而且,复合膜表现出高透明性和明显的防水性能,从而使其有可能作为各种应用的隔离膜和透明膜应用。流变学特征揭示了典型的特征,使人想起了显示cCNCs弹性行为的关键凝胶。使用简单的溶剂流延方法制备了具有不同cCNC负载量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)纳米复合膜。在HPMC中掺入非常少量的cCNCs(0.1 wt%)可使抗张强度增加约58%,模量增加约10%,而伸长率增加约82%。而且,复合膜表现出高透明性和明显的防水性能,从而使其有可能作为各种应用的隔离膜和透明膜应用。使用简单的溶剂流延方法制备了具有不同cCNC负载量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)纳米复合膜。在HPMC中掺入非常少量的cCNC(0.1重量%)会导致拉伸强度增加约58%,模量增加约10%,延伸率增加约82%。而且,复合膜表现出高透明性和明显的防水性能,从而使其有可能作为各种应用的隔离膜和透明膜应用。使用简单的溶剂流延方法制备了具有不同cCNC负载量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)纳米复合膜。在HPMC中掺入非常少量的cCNC(0.1重量%)会导致拉伸强度增加约58%,模量增加约10%,伸长率增加约82%。而且,复合膜表现出高透明性和明显的防水性能,从而使其有可能作为各种应用的隔离膜和透明膜应用。
更新日期:2020-01-08
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