Intelligent vehicular wireless networks and services have witnessed great advancements in both technology and management capabilities. Vehicular networks commenced as simple ad hoc networks with node-to-node communication capabilities. Today, vehicular networks not only provide sophisticated vehicle-to-vehicle communication, but also make use of state-of-the-art cloud and fog computing frameworks to deliver composite vehicular services and provide energy-efficient service delivery mechanisms. Fog and mobile edge computing spread communication, storage, and computing resources all over the wireless access network, thus providing greater resource and service access to resource- and energy-limited wireless and mobile devices such as smart vehicles. This article envisions a smart city solution that considers collaboration among vehicular and mobile nodes to provide a more energy-efficient service delivery mechanism. Different solutions are examined that consider cloud and fog entities used to deliver continuous and stable simple and complex services for both current and future vehicular node service requests. One of the considered energy-efficient solutions forms clusters of both vehicular and mobile nodes according to their service, energy, and movement characteristics. We show that this solution can further be enhanced using node collaboration to negotiate for optimal services according to users' quality of experience parameter configurations. We compare four different solutions using simulation tests to identify the ones with adequate service delivery guarantees and energy consumption.

中文翻译：

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比较雾解决方案以提高无线网络的能效：挑战与机遇

智能车载无线网络和服务在技术和管理功能上都取得了长足的进步。车载网络起初是具有节点到节点通信功能的简单自组织网络。如今，车载网络不仅提供复杂的车对车通信，而且还利用最新的云和雾计算框架来提供复合车服务并提供高能效的服务交付机制。雾和移动边缘计算将通信，存储和计算资源分布在整个无线访问网络上，从而为资源和能源受限的无线和移动设备（例如智能车辆）提供更大的资源和服务访问权限。本文设想了一种智能城市解决方案，该解决方案考虑了车辆和移动节点之间的协作以提供更节能的服务交付机制。研究了考虑云和雾实体的不同解决方案，这些实体用于为当前和将来的车辆节点服务请求提供连续，稳定的简单和复杂服务。一种被认为是高能效的解决方案根据其服务，能量和运动特性形成了车辆和移动节点的集群。我们表明，可以根据用户的体验质量参数配置，使用节点协作来协商最佳服务，从而进一步增强此解决方案。我们使用模拟测试比较了四种不同的解决方案，以识别具有足够服务交付保证和能源消耗的解决方案。