Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death from cancer globally. Indeed, there is a single drug approved as first-line systemic therapy in advanced unresectable HCC, providing a very limited survival benefit. In earlier stages, 5-year survival rates after surgical and loco-regional therapies are extremely variable depending on the stage of disease. Nevertheless, HCC is considered an immunogenic tumor arising in chronically inflamed livers. In such a scenario, immunotherapy strategies for HCC, in particular combinations including cancer vaccines, may represent a key therapeutic tool to improve clinical outcome in HCC patients. However, a lot of improvement is needed given the disappointing results obtained so far.

中文翻译：

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用单独的或组合的免疫疗法处理肝细胞癌。

肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球第三大癌症死因。实际上，已经有一种药物被批准用于晚期不可切除的肝癌的一线全身治疗，其生存获益非常有限。在早期阶段，根据疾病的阶段，手术和局部治疗后的5年生存率差异很大。然而，HCC被认为是在慢性发炎的肝脏中产生的一种免疫原性肿瘤。在这种情况下，针对HCC的免疫疗法策略，特别是包括癌症疫苗在内的组合，可能代表了改善HCC患者临床预后的关键治疗工具。但是，鉴于迄今为止获得的令人失望的结果，需要大量改进。