We review and analyze evidence for an evolutionary rooting of human economic behaviors and organization in non-human primates. Rather than focusing on the direct application of economic models that a priori account for animal decision behavior, we adopt an inductive definition of economic behavior in terms of the contribution of individual cognitive capacities to the provision of resources within an exchange structure. We spell out to what extent non-human primates' individual and strategic decision behaviors are shared with humans. We focus on the ability to trade, through barter or token-mediated exchanges, as a landmark of an economic system among members of the same species. It is an open question why only humans have reached a high level of economic sophistication. While primates have many of the necessary cognitive abilities (symbolic and computational) in isolation, one plausible issue we identify is the limits in exerting cognitive control to combine several sources of information. The difference between human and non-human primates' economies might well then be in degree rather than kind.

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人类经济系统的根源是否与非人类灵长类动物共享？

我们审查和分析证据表明人类经济行为和组织在非人类灵长类动物中的进化根源。我们不关注先验地解释动物决策行为的经济模型的直接应用，而是根据个体认知能力对交换结构内资源提供的贡献，采用经济行为的归纳定义。我们阐明非人类灵长类动物的个人和战略决策行为在多大程度上与人类共享。我们关注通过易货贸易或代币介导的交换进行贸易的能力，以此作为同一物种成员之间经济体系的标志。这是一个开放的问题，为什么只有人类才能达到很高的经济水平。尽管灵长类动物具有许多必要的认知能力（符号和计算能力），但我们确定的一个可能的问题是，在施加认知控制以结合多种信息来源方面存在局限性。那么，人类和非人类灵长类动物经济之间的差异很可能是程度而不是种类。