Human‐mediated transport of species outside their natural range is a rapidly growing threat to biodiversity, particularly for island ecosystems that have evolved in isolation. The genetic structure underpinning island populations will largely determine their response to increased transport and thus help to inform biosecurity management. However, this information is severely lacking for some groups, such as the soil fauna. We therefore analysed the phylogeographic structure of an indigenous and an invasive springtail species (Collembola: Poduromorpha), each distributed across multiple remote sub‐Antarctic islands, where human activity is currently intensifying. For both species, we generated a genome‐wide SNP data set and additionally analysed all available COI barcodes. Genetic differentiation in the indigenous springtail Tullbergia bisetosa is substantial among (and, to a lesser degree, within) islands, reflecting low dispersal and historic population fragmentation, while COI patterns reveal ancestral signatures of postglacial recolonization. This pronounced geographic structure demonstrates the key role of allopatric divergence in shaping the region's diversity and highlights the vulnerability of indigenous populations to genetic homogenization via human transport. For the invasive species Hypogastrura viatica, nuclear genetic structure is much less apparent, particularly for islands linked by regular shipping, while diverged COI haplotypes indicate multiple independent introductions to each island. Thus, human transport has likely facilitated this species’ persistence since its initial colonization, through the ongoing introduction and inter‐island spread of genetic variation. These findings highlight the different evolutionary consequences of human transport for indigenous and invasive soil species. Crucially, both outcomes demonstrate the need for improved intraregional biosecurity among remote island systems, where the policy focus to date has been on external introductions.

中文翻译：

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跳尾系统发育地理学强调了偏远岛屿之间反复入侵和区域内转移的生物安全风险。


人类介导的物种在其自然范围之外的运输对生物多样性构成了迅速增长的威胁，特别是对于孤立进化的岛屿生态系统而言。岛屿种群的遗传结构将在很大程度上决定它们对运输增加的反应，从而有助于为生物安全管理提供信息。然而，对于某些群体（例如土壤动物群）来说，这些信息严重缺乏。因此，我们分析了本土和入侵跳尾物种（跳虫：Poduromorpha）的系统发育地理学结构，每种物种分布在多个偏远的亚南极岛屿上，而这些岛屿目前人类活动正在加剧。对于这两个物种，我们生成了全基因组 SNP 数据集，并另外分析了所有可用的 COI 条形码。本土跳尾双齿跳虫的遗传分化在岛屿之间（以及在较小程度上在岛屿内）显着，反映了低分散性和历史种群破碎化，而 COI 模式揭示了冰河后重新殖民的祖先特征。这种明显的地理结构证明了异域差异在塑造该地区多样性方面的关键作用，并突显了土著居民因人类运输而易受遗传同质化的影响。对于入侵物种Hypogastrura viatica来说，核遗传结构不太明显，特别是对于通过定期航运相连的岛屿，而不同的 COI 单倍型表明每个岛屿都有多个独立的引入。因此，人类运输可能通过遗传变异的持续引入和岛间传播，促进了该物种自最初殖民以来的持续存在。 这些发现强调了人类运输对本土和入侵土壤物种的不同进化后果。至关重要的是，这两项结果都表明需要改善偏远岛屿系统的区域内生物安全，迄今为止，该系统的政策重点一直是外部引进。