Common gardens in teosintes reveal the establishment of a syndrome of adaptation to altitude.,PLOS Genetics

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Common gardens in teosintes reveal the establishment of a syndrome of adaptation to altitude.
PLOS Genetics ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-20 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008512
Margaux-Alison Fustier ₁ , Natalia E Martínez-Ainsworth ₁ , Jonás A Aguirre-Liguori ₂ , Anthony Venon ₁ , Hélène Corti ₁ , Agnès Rousselet ₁ , Fabrice Dumas ₁ , Hannes Dittberner ₃ , María G Camarena ₄ , Daniel Grimanelli ₅ , Otso Ovaskainen _{6,

7} , Matthieu Falque ₁ , Laurence Moreau ₁ , Juliette de Meaux ₃ , Salvador Montes-Hernández ₄ , Luis E Eguiarte ₂ , Yves Vigouroux ₅ , Domenica Manicacci ₁ , Maud I Tenaillon ₁

Affiliation

In plants, local adaptation across species range is frequent. Yet, much has to be discovered on its environmental drivers, the underlying functional traits and their molecular determinants. Genome scans are popular to uncover outlier loci potentially involved in the genetic architecture of local adaptation, however links between outliers and phenotypic variation are rarely addressed. Here we focused on adaptation of teosinte populations along two elevation gradients in Mexico that display continuous environmental changes at a short geographical scale. We used two common gardens, and phenotyped 18 traits in 1664 plants from 11 populations of annual teosintes. In parallel, we genotyped these plants for 38 microsatellite markers as well as for 171 outlier single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that displayed excess of allele differentiation between pairs of lowland and highland populations and/or correlation with environmental variables. Our results revealed that phenotypic differentiation at 10 out of the 18 traits was driven by local selection. Trait covariation along the elevation gradient indicated that adaptation to altitude results from the assembly of multiple co-adapted traits into a complex syndrome: as elevation increases, plants flower earlier, produce less tillers, display lower stomata density and carry larger, longer and heavier grains. The proportion of outlier SNPs associating with phenotypic variation, however, largely depended on whether we considered a neutral structure with 5 genetic groups (73.7%) or 11 populations (13.5%), indicating that population stratification greatly affected our results. Finally, chromosomal inversions were enriched for both SNPs whose allele frequencies shifted along elevation as well as phenotypically-associated SNPs. Altogether, our results are consistent with the establishment of an altitudinal syndrome promoted by local selective forces in teosinte populations in spite of detectable gene flow. Because elevation mimics climate change through space, SNPs that we found underlying phenotypic variation at adaptive traits may be relevant for future maize breeding.

中文翻译：

类蜀黍的常见花园揭示了适应海拔综合症的建立。

在植物中，跨物种范围的局部适应很常见。然而，关于其环境驱动因素、潜在的功能特征及其分子决定因素，还有很多东西有待发现。基因组扫描通常用于发现可能参与局部适应遗传结构的异常位点，但异常值与表型变异之间的联系很少得到解决。在这里，我们重点研究墨西哥大蜀黍种群沿两个海拔梯度的适应，这两个海拔梯度在较短的地理范围内显示出持续的环境变化。我们使用了两个常见的花园，并对来自 11 个一年生类蜀黍种群的 1664 株植物的 18 个性状进行了表型分析。与此同时，我们对这些植物进行了 38 个微卫星标记以及 171 个异常单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 的基因分型，这些单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 显示低地和高地种群对之间存在过度的等位基因分化和/或与环境变量的相关性。我们的结果表明，18 个性状中有 10 个的表型分化是由局部选择驱动的。沿海拔梯度的性状共变表明，对海拔的适应是多种共同适应性状组合成一个复杂综合症的结果：随着海拔的升高，植物开花较早，分蘖较少，气孔密度较低，谷粒更大、更长和更重。然而，与表型变异相关的离群 SNP 的比例很大程度上取决于我们是否考虑具有 5 个遗传群体 (73.7%) 或 11 个群体 (13.5%) 的中性结构，这表明群体分层极大地影响了我们的结果。最后，等位基因频率随海拔变化的 SNP 以及表型相关的 SNP 的染色体倒位均得到富集。总而言之，尽管可检测到基因流，但我们的结果与类蜀黍种群中局部选择力促进的海拔综合症的建立是一致的。由于海拔通过空间模拟气候变化，我们发现适应性状潜在表型变异的 SNP 可能与未来的玉米育种相关。

更新日期：2019-12-21

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