Repairing osteochondral defects to restore joint function is a major challenge in regenerative medicine. However, with recent advances in tissue engineering, the development of potential treatments is promising. In recent years, in addition to single-layer scaffolds, double-layer or multilayer scaffolds have been prepared to mimic the structure of articular cartilage and subchondral bone for osteochondral repair. Although there are a range of different cells such as umbilical cord stem cells, bone marrow mesenchyml stem cell, and others that can be used, the availability, ease of preparation, and the osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity of these cells are important factors that will influence its selection for tissue engineering. Furthermore, appropriate cell proliferation and differentiation of these cells is also key for the optimal repair of osteochondral defects. The development of bioreactors has enhanced methods to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in tissue engineering, including the development of layered scaffolds, cells, and bioreactors that have changed the approach towards the development of novel treatments for osteochondral repair.

中文翻译：

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骨软骨修复组织工程重建和再生中的治疗性“工具”。

修复骨软骨缺损以恢复关节功能是再生医学的主要挑战。然而，随着组织工程学的最新进展，潜在治疗方法的发展是有希望的。近年来，除了单层支架外，还准备了双层或多层支架来模拟关节软骨和软骨下骨的结构以进行骨软骨修复。尽管可以使用多种不同的细胞，例如脐带干细胞，骨髓间充质干细胞和其他细胞，但是这些细胞的可用性，易于制备以及成骨和软骨形成能力是将影响这些细胞的重要因素。其用于组织工程的选择。此外，这些细胞的适当细胞增殖和分化也是骨软骨缺损最佳修复的关键。生物反应器的开发增强了刺激细胞增殖和分化的方法。在这篇综述中，我们总结了组织工程学的最新进展，包括层状支架，细胞和生物反应器的开发，这些已经改变了开发骨软骨修复新疗法的方法。