The ultimate prospect of tissue engineering is to create autologous tissue grafts for future replacement therapies through utilization of cells and biomaterials simultaneously. Bio-printing is a novel technique, a growing field that is leading to the global revolution in medical sciences that has gained significant attention. Bio-printing has the potential to be used in producing human engineered tissues like bone and skin which then ultimately can be used in the clinics. In this paper, the 3D bio-printing applications of the engineered human tissues that are available (skin and bone) are reviewed. It is evident that various tissue engineering techniques have been applied in the fabrication of skin tissue; therefore, it leads to introduce tissue substitutes such as complementary, split-thickness skin graft, allografts, acellular dermal substitutes and cellularized graft-like commercial products, i.e., Dermagraft and Apligraf. Also, some bone scaffolds based on hydroxyapatite and biphasic calcium phosphate are available in the market. The technology of bio-printing has got validated for bone and skin tissue fabrication, and it is hoped that other tissues could be produced by this technique.

中文翻译：

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用于骨和皮肤组织工程的 3D 生物打印综述：一种商业方法

组织工程的最终前景是通过同时利用细胞和生物材料，为未来的替代疗法创造自体组织移植物。生物打印是一项新技术，是一个不断发展的领域，正在引发全球医学科学革命，引起了广泛关注。生物打印有可能用于生产人体工程组织，如骨骼和皮肤，然后最终可用于临床。在本文中，回顾了可用的工程人体组织（皮肤和骨骼）的 3D 生物打印应用。很明显，各种组织工程技术已应用于皮肤组织的制造；因此，它导致引入组织替代品，例如互补的、分厚的皮肤移植物、同种异体移植物、脱细胞真皮替代品和细胞化移植物样商业产品，即 Dermagraft 和 Apligraf。此外，市场上也有一些基于羟基磷灰石和双相磷酸钙的骨支架。生物打印技术已在骨骼和皮肤组织制造方面得到验证，并希望该技术可以生产其他组织。