1. The disparity in species’ traits arises through variation in the tempo and mode of evolution over time and between lineages. Understanding these patterns is a core goal in evolutionary biology.
2. Here we present the comprehensively updated r package MOTMOT: Models Of Trait Macroevolution On Trees that contains methods to fit and test models of continuous trait evolution on phylogenies of extant and extinct species.
3. MOTMOT provides functions to investigate a range of evolutionary hypotheses, including flexible approaches to investigate heterogeneous rates and modes of evolution, models of trait change under interspecific competition and patterns of trait change across significant evolutionary transitions such as mass extinctions. We introduce and test novel algorithms of heterogeneous tempo and mode of evolution that allow for phylogeny‐wide shifts in evolution at specific times on a tree. We use these new MOTMOT functions to highlight an exceptionally high rate of mammalian body mass evolution for 10 million years following the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction.
4. These methods provide biologists and palaeontologists with the tools to analyse continuous trait data on phylogenies, including large trees of up to thousands of species.

中文翻译：

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MOTMOT：树上的特征宏演化模型（更新）

1. 物种特征的差异是由于时间和谱系之间进化的速度和模式的变化而引起的。了解这些模式是进化生物学的核心目标。
2. 在这里，我们介绍全面更新的r包MOTMOT：树上的特质宏观进化模型，其中包含适合和测试现存和灭绝物种系统发育的连续性状进化模型的方法。
3. MOTMOT提供了研究一系列进化假说的功能，包括研究异质速率和进化模式的灵活方法，种间竞争下的性状改变模型以及重大灭绝转变（例如大灭绝）中的性状改变模式。我们引入并测试了异类速度和进化模式的新颖算法，这些算法允许在一棵树上的特定时间进行系统进化范围内的进化。我们利用这些新的MOTMOT功能突显了白垩纪-古近纪大规模灭绝后的一千万年之内，哺乳动物的大量异常进化。
4. 这些方法为生物学家和古生物学家提供了分析系统发育的连续性状数据的工具，包括多达数千种的大树。