Acute intoxications account for a significant proportion of the patient population in intensive care units and sedative medications, ethanol, illicit drugs, inhalable poisons and mixed intoxications are the most common causes. The aim of this article is to describe biomarkers for screening and diagnosis of acute intoxications in critically ill patients. For this purpose, a survey of the relevant literature was conducted, and guidelines, case reports, expert assessments, and scientific publications were reviewed. In critical care, it should always be attempted to identify and quantify the poison or toxin with the assistance of enzyme immunoassay (EIA), chromatography, and mass spectrometry techniques and this section is critically appraised in this publication. The principles for anion gap, osmol gap and lactate gap and their usage in intoxications is shown. Basic rules in test methodology and pre-analytics are reviewed. Biomarkers in general are presented in part one and biomarkers for specific intoxications including ethanol, paracetamol, cardiovascular drugs and many others are presented in part two of these publications.

中文翻译：

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重症患者急性中毒的诊断：关注生物标志物-第1部分：流行病学，方法论和一般概述。

急性中毒在重症监护病房中占患者人口的很大比例，镇静药物，乙醇，非法药物，可吸入毒物和混合性中毒是最常见的原因。本文的目的是描述用于筛选和诊断危重患者急性中毒的生物标志物。为此，对相关文献进行了调查，并对指南，病例报告，专家评估和科学出版物进行了审查。在重症监护中，应始终尝试借助酶免疫测定（EIA），色谱法和质谱技术鉴定和定量毒物或毒素，并且此部分在本出版物中进行了严格评估。阴离子间隙的原理 显示了渗透压间隙和乳酸间隙及其在中毒中的用途。审查了测试方法和预分析中的基本规则。通常在第一部分中介绍生物标志物，在某些中毒的生物标志物中包括乙醇，对乙酰氨基酚，心血管药物等，第二部分介绍了其他许多生物标志物。