Despite advances in cancer therapeutics, particularly in the area of immuno-oncology, successful treatment of neuroblastoma (NB) remains a challenge. NB is the most common cancer in infants under 1 year of age, and accounts for approximately 10% of all pediatric cancers. Currently, children with high-risk NB exhibit a survival rate of 40–50%. The heterogeneous nature of NB makes development of effective therapeutic strategies challenging. Many preclinical models attempt to mimic the tumor phenotype and tumor microenvironment. In vivo mouse models, in the form of genetic, syngeneic, and xenograft mice, are advantageous as they replicated the complex tumor-stroma interactions and represent the gold standard for preclinical therapeutic testing. Traditional in vitro models, while high throughput, exhibit many limitations. The emergence of new tissue engineered models has the potential to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo models for therapeutic testing. Therapeutics continue to evolve from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies to biologically targeted therapies. These therapeutics act on both the tumor cells and other cells within the tumor microenvironment, making development of preclinical models that accurately reflect tumor heterogeneity more important than ever. In this review, we will discuss current in vitro and in vivo preclinical testing models, and their potential applications to therapeutic development.

中文翻译：

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开发神经母细胞瘤的临床前模型：推动治疗性测试。

尽管癌症疗法特别是免疫肿瘤学领域取得了进展，但成神经细胞瘤（NB）的成功治疗仍然是一个挑战。NB是1岁以下婴儿中最常见的癌症，约占所有小儿癌症的10％。目前，高危NB儿童的存活率为40-50％。NB的异质性使得有效治疗策略的开发具有挑战性。许多临床前模型试图模仿肿瘤表型和肿瘤微环境。遗传，同基因和异种移植小鼠形式的体内小鼠模型具有优势，因为它们复制了复杂的肿瘤-基质相互作用，并代表了临床前治疗测试的金标准。传统的体外模型虽然吞吐量高，但存在许多局限性。新的组织工程模型的出现具有弥合用于治疗测试的体外模型和体内模型之间的差距的潜力。治疗学继续从传统的细胞毒性化学疗法发展为生物靶向疗法。这些疗法对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞都起作用，因此准确反映肿瘤异质性的临床前模型的开发比以往任何时候都更加重要。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论当前的体外和体内临床前测试模型及其在治疗开发中的潜在应用。这些疗法对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞都起作用，因此准确反映肿瘤异质性的临床前模型的开发比以往任何时候都更加重要。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论当前的体外和体内临床前测试模型及其在治疗开发中的潜在应用。这些疗法对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤微环境中的其他细胞都起作用，因此准确反映肿瘤异质性的临床前模型的开发比以往任何时候都更加重要。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论当前的体外和体内临床前测试模型及其在治疗开发中的潜在应用。