The myriads of microorganisms colonizing the human host (microbiome) affect virtually every aspect of its physiology in health and disease. The past decade witnessed unprecedented advances in microbiome research. The field rapidly transitioned from descriptive studies to deep mechanistic insights into host-microbiome interactions. This offers the opportunity for microbiome-targeted therapeutic manipulation. Currently, several strategies of microbiome-targeted interventions are intensively explored. Best evidence from human randomized clinical trials is available for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However, patient eligibility as well as long-term efficacy and safety are not sufficiently defined. Therefore, there is currently no officially approved indication for FMT. Probiotics (live microorganisms) have long been discussed as a means to aid human health but have yielded varying results. Emerging techniques utilizing microbiota-targeted diets, small microbial molecules, recombinant bacteriophages, and precise control of strain abundance recently yielded promising results but require further investigation. The rapid technological progress of "omics" tools spurs advances in personalized medicine. Understanding and integration of interindividual microbiome variability holds potential to promote personalized preventive and therapeutic approaches. Emerging evidence points towards the microbiome as an important player having an impact on transplantation outcomes. Microbiome-targeted interventions have potential to aid against the many challenges faced by transplant recipients.

中文翻译：

---

利用微生物群进行治疗。

寄生在人类宿主身上的无数微生物（微生物组）几乎影响其健康和疾病生理学的方方面面。过去十年见证了微生物组研究前所未有的进步。该领域迅速从描述性研究转变为对宿主-微生物组相互作用的深入机制洞察。这为微生物组靶向治疗操作提供了机会。目前，人们正在深入探索几种以微生物组为目标的干预策略。人类随机临床试验的最佳证据可用于粪便微生物群移植 (FMT)。然而，患者的资格以及长期疗效和安全性并未得到充分定义。因此，目前还没有官方批准的 FMT 适应症。长期以来，益生菌（活微生物）一直被讨论为帮助人类健康的一种手段，但产生了不同的结果。利用以微生物群为目标的饮食、小微生物分子、重组噬菌体和菌株丰度的精确控制的新兴技术最近取得了可喜的结果，但需要进一步研究。“组学”工具的快速技术进步刺激了个性化医疗的进步。理解和整合个体间的微生物组变异性有可能促进个性化的预防和治疗方法。新出现的证据表明微生物组是影响移植结果的重要参与者。以微生物组为目标的干预措施有可能帮助应对移植受者面临的许多挑战。