The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state has been recognized as a strategy for bacteria to cope with stressful environments; in this state, bacteria fail to grow on routine culture medium but are actually alive and can resuscitate into a culturable state under favorable conditions. The VBNC state may pose a great threat to food safety and public health. To date, more than 100 VBNC microorganism species have been proven to exist in fields of food safety, environmental application, and agricultural diseases. Most harsh conditions can induce these microorganisms into the VBNC state, including food processing and preservation methods, adverse environmental conditions, and plant‐disease controlling means. The characteristics of VBNC state cells differ from those of normally growing cells and dead cells, based on which of the various detection methods are developed, and they are of great significance for potential risk assessment. To provide molecular level insights into this state, many studies on induction and resuscitation mechanisms have emerged over the past three decades, including research on omics, specific genes, or proteins involved in VBNC state formation and the roles of promoters in resuscitation from the VBNC state. In this review, microorganism species, induction and resuscitation factors, detection methods, and formation and resuscitation mechanisms of the VBNC state are comprehensively and systematically summarized.

中文翻译：

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可行，不可培养状态微生物的诱导，检测，形成和复苏

生存但不可培养的状态已被认为是细菌应对压力环境的一种策略。在这种状态下，细菌无法在常规培养基上生长，但实际上仍然存活，并且可以在有利的条件下恢复为可培养状态。VBNC州可能对食品安全和公共健康构成巨大威胁。迄今为止，已证明在食品安全，环境应用和农业疾病领域中存在100多种VBNC微生物。最恶劣的条件会导致这些微生物进入VBNC状态，包括食品加工和保存方法，不利的环境条件以及植物疾病的控制手段。VBNC状态细胞的特征不同于正常生长的细胞和死细胞的特征，基于开发哪种检测方法，它们对潜在风险评估具有重要意义。为了提供对该状态的分子水平的见解，在过去的三十年中，出现了许多关于诱导和复苏机制的研究，包括有关组学，特定基因或参与VBNC状态形成的蛋白质的研究，以及启动子在从VBNC状态复苏中的作用。 。本文综述了VBNC状态的微生物种类，诱导和复苏因素，检测方法以及形成和复苏机制。在过去的三十年中，已经进行了许多关于诱导和复苏机制的研究，包括有关VBNC状态形成中的组学，特定基因或蛋白质以及启动子在从VBNC状态复苏中的作用的研究。本文综述了VBNC状态的微生物种类，诱导和复苏因素，检测方法以及形成和复苏机制。在过去的三十年中，已经进行了许多关于诱导和复苏机制的研究，包括有关VBNC状态形成中的组学，特定基因或蛋白质以及启动子在从VBNC状态复苏中的作用的研究。本文综述了VBNC状态的微生物种类，诱导和复苏因素，检测方法以及形成和复苏机制。