In this paper, we present the architecture and the experimental characterization of an improved version of a previously developed 32 × 32 Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and Time to Digital Converters (TDCs) array, and two new arrays (with 8 × 8 and 128 × 1 pixels) with the additional capability of actively gating the detectors with sub-nanosecond rise time. The arrays include high performance SPADs (0.04 cps/μm2, 50% peak PDE) and provide down to 410 ps Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) single shot precision and excellent linearity. We developed a camera to exploit these imagers in time-resolved, single-photon applications.

中文翻译：

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用于单光子时间分辨成像和光谱的门控 SPAD 阵列

在本文中，我们介绍了先前开发的 32 × 32 单光子雪崩二极管 (SPAD) 和时间到数字转换器 (TDC) 阵列的改进版本的架构和实验表征，以及两个新阵列（具有 8 × 8 和128 × 1 像素），具有以亚纳秒上升时间对探测器进行主动门控的附加功能。这些阵列包括高性能 SPAD（0.04 cps/μm2，50% 峰值 PDE）并提供低至 410 ps 的半高全宽 (FWHM) 单次精度和出色的线性度。我们开发了一种相机来在时间分辨的单光子应用中利用这些成像器。