Stress, primarily processed via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, engages biological pathways throughout the brain and body which promote adaptation and survival to changing environmental demands. Adaptation to environmental challenges is compromised when these pathways are no longer functioning optimally. The physiological and behavioral mechanisms through which HPA axis function influences stress adaptation and resilience are not fully elucidated. Our understanding of stress biology and disease must take into account the complex interactions between the endocrine system, neural circuits, and behavioral coping strategies. In addition, further consideration must be taken concerning influences of other aspects of physiology, including the circadian clock which is critical for regulation of daily changes in HPA activity. While adding a layer of complexity, it also offers targets for intervention. Understanding the role of HPA function in mediating these diverse biological responses will lead to important insights about how to bolster successful stress adaptation and promote stress resilience.

中文翻译：

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下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴作为压力恢复的基础：与生物钟的相互作用

压力主要通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺 (HPA) 轴进行处理，它参与整个大脑和身体的生物通路，促进对不断变化的环境需求的适应和生存。当这些途径不再以最佳方式运作时，对环境挑战的适应就会受到影响。HPA 轴功能影响压力适应和恢复力的生理和行为机制尚未完全阐明。我们对压力生物学和疾病的理解必须考虑内分泌系统、神经回路和行为应对策略之间复杂的相互作用。此外，必须进一步考虑生理学其他方面的影响，包括对调节 HPA 活动的日常变化至关重要的生物钟。在增加一层复杂性的同时，它还提供了干预目标。了解 HPA 功能在介导这些不同生物反应中的作用，将有助于深入了解如何促进成功的压力适应和促进压力恢复。