Abstract Agricultural intensification continues being a major threat for biodiversity worldwide. Despite the incorporation of diverse conservation tools in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) since the 1990s, European agriculture continues intensifying. The last CAP reform introduced compulsory greening, including measures to support semi-natural habitats across the wider countryside (referred to in this paper as Green and Blue Infrastructure, GBI), and by these means biodiversity. However, the actual benefits of greening implementation have not been evaluated formally through field studies, and its effectiveness is questioned. We assess the capacity of a variety of GBI features that can be supported by CAP greening to promote biodiversity across a variety of agricultural systems. We analyze the relationships between diversity (birds and plants) and a set of habitat indicators linked to distinct greening options in 115 plots from six case study areas, including arable land, pastures and mixed farming systems in Spain, Germany and Bulgaria. Relationships between biodiversity and the different GBI elements varied considerably between regions, systems and organisms' groups. Some of these relationships were non-linear. Although most GBI elements showed potential for promoting biodiversity, they should be adapted to specific conservation targets and landscape constraints regionally. The next CAP reform could include compulsory measures that support connectivity, heterogeneity and small-landscape elements characteristic in each region (e.g. field margins and trees or preventing field size enlargement), combined with more regionally-orientated voluntary measures (e.g., promoting grassland and fallow). Performance evaluation and adaptation ought to accompany the implementation of these measures to ensure their ecological success.

中文翻译：

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通过区域目标和保护工具的适应性管理优化欧洲农业的生物多样性收益

摘要 农业集约化继续成为全球生物多样性的主要威胁。尽管自 1990 年代以来在共同农业政策 (CAP) 中纳入了多种保护工具，但欧洲农业仍在继续集约化。上一次 CAP 改革引入了强制绿化，包括支持更广泛农村的半自然栖息地（本文中称为绿色和蓝色基础设施，GBI）的措施，以及生物多样性。然而，绿化实施的实际效益尚未通过实地研究进行正式评估，其有效性受到质疑。我们评估了 CAP 绿化可以支持的各种 GBI 特征的能力，以促进各种农业系统的生物多样性。我们分析了多样性（鸟类和植物）与一组栖息地指标之间的关系，这些指标与来自六个案例研究区域的 115 个地块的不同绿化选择相关，包括西班牙、德国和保加利亚的耕地、牧场和混合农业系统。生物多样性与不同 GBI 元素之间的关系在区域、系统和生物群体之间差异很大。其中一些关系是非线性的。尽管大多数 GBI 元素显示出促进生物多样性的潜力，但它们应该适应特定的保护目标和区域景观限制。下一次 CAP 改革可能包括支持每个区域的连通性、异质性和小景观元素特征的强制性措施（例如田地边缘和树木或防止田地面积扩大），结合更多以区域为导向的自愿措施（例如，促进草地和休耕）。绩效评估和适应应伴随这些措施的实施，以确保其生态成功。