The composition of the human microbiome profoundly impacts human well-being. However, the mechanisms underlying microbiome maturation are poorly understood. The nasal microbiome is of particular importance as a source of many respiratory infections. Here, we performed a large sequencing and culture-based analysis of the human nasal microbiota from different age groups. We observed a significant decline of pathogenic bacteria before adulthood, with an increase of the commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis. In seniors, this effect was partially reversed. In vitro, many S. epidermidis isolates stimulated nasal epithelia to produce antimicrobial peptides, killing pathogenic competitors, while S. epidermidis itself proved highly resistant owing to its exceptional capacity to form biofilms. Furthermore, S. epidermidis isolates with high antimicrobial peptide-inducing and biofilm-forming capacities outcompeted pathogenic bacteria during nasal colonization in vivo. Our study identifies a pivotal role of S. epidermidis in healthy maturation of the nasal microbiome, which is achieved at least in part by symbiotic cooperation with innate host defense.

中文翻译：

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表皮葡萄球菌通过刺激抗菌肽的产生有助于鼻部微生物组的健康成熟。

人类微生物组的组成深刻影响着人类的福祉。但是，对微生物组成熟的基本机制了解甚少。鼻微生物组作为许多呼吸道感染的来源特别重要。在这里，我们对来自不同年龄段的人鼻微生物群进行了大型测序和基于培养的分析。我们观察到成年前病原菌的大量减少，表皮葡萄球菌的共生菌增多。在老年人中，这种影响被部分逆转。在体外，许多表皮葡萄球菌分离物刺激鼻上皮产生抗菌肽，杀死病原体竞争者，而表皮葡萄球菌本身由于其形成生物膜的出色能力而被证明具有高度抗性。此外，S。具有高抗菌肽诱导能力和生物膜形成能力的表皮分离物在体内鼻内定殖过程中胜过病原菌。我们的研究确定了表皮葡萄球菌在鼻微生物组健康成熟中的关键作用，这至少部分是通过与先天宿主防御的共生合作实现的。