Objective

Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of vitamin D in the development of the central nervous system. Some studies have shown an association between maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms based on parent or teacher ratings. There are no previous studies on early pregnancy 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the risk of diagnosed offspring ADHD. Our aim was to examine maternal 25(OH)D levels in early pregnancy and offspring ADHD.

Method

In this nationwide population-based case-control study, 1,067 ADHD cases (born between 1998 and 1999 and diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases) and 1,067 matched controls were identified from Finnish registers. Maternal 25(OH)D levels were measured using quantitative immunoassay from maternal sera, collected during the first trimester and archived in the national biobank. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between maternal 25(OH)D and offspring ADHD.

Results

There was a significant association between decreasing log-transformed maternal 25(OH)D levels and offspring ADHD both in the unadjusted analyses (odds ratio 1.65; 95% CI 1.33–2.05; p < .001) and in the analyses adjusting for maternal socioeconomic status and age (odds ratio 1.45; 95% CI 1.15–1.81; p = .002). Analyses by quintiles of maternal 25(OH)D levels in the lowest versus highest quintile revealed an adjusted odds ratio for offspring ADHD of 1.53 (95% CI 1.11–2.12; p = .010).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated an association between low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy and an elevated risk for offspring ADHD. If replicated in independent samples, this finding may have significant public health implications.

中文翻译：

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母亲维生素 D 水平与后代注意力缺陷/多动障碍的风险。

 客观的

最近的证据强调了维生素 D 在中枢神经系统发育中的重要性。一些研究表明，根据家长或老师的评分，母亲怀孕期间缺乏维生素 D 与后代注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 症状之间存在关联。之前没有关于妊娠早期 25-羟基维生素 D [25(OH)D] 水平和诊断后代 ADHD 风险的研究。我们的目的是检查妊娠早期母亲 25(OH)D 水平和后代 ADHD。

 方法

在这项全国性的基于人口的病例对照研究中，从芬兰登记册中确定了 1,067 例 ADHD 病例（1998 年至 1999 年出生并根据国际疾病分类诊断）和 1,067 例匹配对照。使用定量免疫测定法测量母体血清中的 25(OH)D 水平，该血清在妊娠早期收集并存档于国家生物库。使用条件逻辑回归来检查母亲 25(OH)D 与后代 ADHD 之间的关联。

 结果

在未经调整的分析（比值比 1.65；95% CI 1.33–2.05； p < .001）和调整母亲的分析中，对数转换的母亲 25(OH)D 水平降低与后代 ADHD 之间存在显着相关性。社会经济地位和年龄（优势比 1.45；95% CI 1.15–1.81； p = .002）。对母亲 25(OH)D 水平最低与最高五分位的五分位数进行分析显示，调整后的后代 ADHD 比值比为 1.53 (95% CI 1.11–2.12； p = .010)。

 结论

这项研究证明了怀孕期间母亲 25(OH)D 水平较低与后代 ADHD 风险升高之间存在关联。如果在独立样本中重复，这一发现可能会对公共卫生产生重大影响。