Advances in the detection and mapping of messenger RNA (mRNA) N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) and 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C), and DNA N⁶-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA) redefined our understanding of these modifications as additional tiers of epigenetic regulation. In plants, the most prevalent internal mRNA modifications, m⁶A and m⁵C, play crucial and dynamic roles in many processes, including embryo development, stem cell fate determination, trichome branching, leaf morphogenesis, floral transition, stress responses, fruit ripening, and root development. The newly identified and widespread epigenetic marker 6mA DNA methylation is associated with gene expression, plant development, and stress responses. Here, we review the latest research progress on mRNA and DNA epigenetic modifications, including the detection, dynamics, distribution, functions, regulatory proteins, and evolution, with a focus on m⁶A, m⁵C, and 6mA. We also provide some perspectives on future research of the newly identified and unknown epigenetic modifications of mRNA and DNA in plants.

信使 RNA (mRNA) N ⁶ - 甲基腺苷 (m ⁶ A) 和 5-甲基胞嘧啶 (m ⁵ C) 以及 DNA N ⁶ - 甲基脱氧腺苷 (6mA)的检测和定位方面的进展重新定义了我们对这些修饰作为附加层的理解表观遗传调控。在植物中，最普遍的内部 mRNA 修饰，m ⁶ A 和 m ⁵C，在许多过程中发挥关键和动态的作用，包括胚胎发育、干细胞命运决定、毛状体分枝、叶形态发生、花的转变、应激反应、果实成熟和根发育。新发现和广泛的表观遗传标记 6mA DNA 甲基化与基因表达、植物发育和应激反应有关。在这里，我们回顾了 mRNA 和 DNA 表观遗传修饰的最新研究进展，包括检测、动力学、分布、功能、调节蛋白和进化，重点是 m ⁶ A、m ⁵ C 和 6mA。我们还对植物中新发现的和未知的 mRNA 和 DNA 表观遗传修饰的未来研究提供了一些观点。