The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), known as NETosis, was first observed as a novel immune response to bacterial infection, but has since been found to occur abnormally in a variety of other inflammatory disease states including cancer. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women. In breast cancer, NETosis has been linked to increased disease progression, metastasis, and complications such as venous thromboembolism. NET-targeted therapies have shown success in preclinical cancer models and may prove valuable clinical targets in slowing or halting tumor progression in breast cancer patients. We will briefly outline the mechanisms by which NETs may form in the tumor microenvironment and circulation, including the crosstalk between neutrophils, tumor cells, endothelial cells, and platelets as well as the role of cancer-associated extracellular vesicles in modulating neutrophil behavior and NET extrusion. The prognostic implications of cancer-associated NETosis will be explored in addition to development of novel therapeutics aimed at targeting NET interactions to improve outcomes in patients with breast cancer.

中文翻译：

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嗜中性白血球细胞外陷阱在乳腺癌及其他领域：NET刺激，血栓形成和转移的最新观点以及用于诊断和治疗的临床实用性。

嗜中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NETs）的形成，被称为NETosis，首先被发现是对细菌感染的一种新型免疫反应，但此后发现它在包括癌症在内的多种其他炎性疾病中异常发生。乳腺癌是女性最常被诊断出的恶性肿瘤。在乳腺癌中，NETosis与疾病进展，转移和诸如静脉血栓栓塞等并发症的增加有关。NET靶向疗法已在临床前癌症模型中显示出成功，并且可能证明在减缓或中止乳腺癌患者的肿瘤进展方面具有重要的临床目标。我们将简要概述NET可能在肿瘤微环境和循环中形成的机制，包括嗜中性粒细胞，肿瘤细胞，内皮细胞，和血小板，以及与癌症相关的细胞外囊泡在调节中性粒细胞行为和NET挤出中的作用。除了开发旨在靶向NET相互作用以改善乳腺癌患者预后的新型疗法外，还将探讨与癌症相关的NETosis的预后意义。