The main drawback of organic electrode materials is their solubility in the electrolyte, leading to the shuttle effect. Using N,N'-dimethylphenazine (DMPZ) as a highly soluble cathode material, and its PF6 - and triflimide salts as models for its first oxidation state, a poor correlation was found between solubility and battery operability. Extensive electrochemical experiments suggest that the shuttle effect is unlikely to be mediated by molecular diffusion as commonly understood, but rather by electron-hopping via the electron self-exchange reaction based on spectroscopic results. These findings led to two counter-strategies to prevent the hopping process: the pre-treatment of the anode to form a solid-electrolyte interface and using DMPZ salt rather than neutral DMPZ as the active material. These strategies improved coulombic efficiency and capacity retention, demonstrating that solubility of organic materials does not necessarily exclude their applications in batteries.

中文翻译：

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揭示有机电池的穿梭效应及其对策：以N，N'-Dimethylphenazine阴极为例。

有机电极材料的主要缺点是它们在电解质中的溶解性，从而导致穿梭效应。使用N，N'-二甲基吩嗪（DMPZ）作为高度可溶的阴极材料，并使用其PF6-和三氟酰亚胺盐作为其第一氧化态的模型，发现溶解度与电池可操作性之间的相关性较差。广泛的电化学实验表明，如众所周知的那样，穿梭效应不太可能通过分子扩散来介导，而是通过基于光谱结果的电子自交换反应通过电子跃迁来介导。这些发现导致了两种防止跳变过程的对策：对阳极进行预处理以形成固体电解质界面，以及使用DMPZ盐而不是中性DMPZ作为活性材料。