Background The availability of land for the installation of wind power turbines is restricted by numerous factors. Besides climatic conditions, the deployment of wind energy is limited by technical, social, economic, and environmental factors. Typically, assessments of land availability for wind power use legal and technical criteria to estimate the potential for wind power expansion. In contrast, we use observed characteristics of wind power generation sites existing in Austria and Denmark to estimate its potential expansion in Czechia. We combined data on wind turbine locations with data on land use, wind speeds, human impact on land, and nature conservation areas. Results Our analysis shows that the density of wind power in Austria is variable, but higher on average (4.79 MW km-2) than in Denmark (1.76 MW km-2). Austrian wind turbines have been installed in areas where the human impact on land is mostly higher than the Austrian average, while in Denmark, no difference is observed. Regarding the land use composite, the share of agricultural land on sites with wind turbines is on average much higher (86%), while the share of forest is much lower (7%) in both countries. We identified a maximum potential area in Czechia of 543 km2 with Austrian and 421 km2 with Danish characteristics. When conservatively assuming observed historical power densities, this area translates to 2295 MW and 741 MW of installed wind power capacity, respectively. These results are a magnitude of order lower than the potentials found in existing studies. In a sensitivity analysis, we have examined that the availability of potential sites depends mainly on the population density, the human impact on land, prevailing wind speeds, and the height above sea level. Conclusions We estimated available land area for potential wind turbine installations in Czechia using our newly developed methodology based on observed site characteristics of today's wind power infrastructure in Austria and Denmark. Available land area indicated possible overestimation of wind power capacities proposed in the recent studies on the renewable energy transition. Hence, more rigorous consideration of land availability is required for assessments of potential wind power expansion.

中文翻译：

---

基于观测的风电可用土地估算：捷克的案例研究。

背景用于安装风力涡轮机的土地的可用性受到许多因素的限制。除了气候条件外，风能的部署还受到技术、社会、经济和环境因素的限制。通常，对风电可用土地的评估使用法律和技术标准来估计风电扩张的潜力。相比之下，我们使用观察到的奥地利和丹麦风力发电场址的特征来估计其在捷克的潜在扩张。我们将风力涡轮机位置的数据与土地利用、风速、人类对土地的影响和自然保护区的数据相结合。结果 我们的分析表明，奥地利的风电密度是可变的，但平均（4.79 MW km-2）高于丹麦（1.76 MW km-2）。奥地利的风力涡轮机安装在人类对土地的影响大多高于奥地利平均水平的地区，而在丹麦，没有观察到差异。关于土地利用组合，在这两个国家，风力涡轮机场地上的农业用地比例平均要高得多（86%），而森林的比例要低得多（7%）。我们确定了捷克的最大潜在区域为 543 平方公里，具有奥地利特征，421 平方公里具有丹麦特征。当保守地假设观察到的历史功率密度时，该区域分别转化为 2295 兆瓦和 741 兆瓦的风电装机容量。这些结果比现有研究中发现的潜力低一个数量级。在敏感性分析中，我们检查了潜在地点的可用性主要取决于人口密度，人类对陆地、盛行风速和海拔高度的影响。结论 我们使用我们新开发的方法估计了捷克潜在风力涡轮机安装的可用土地面积，该方法基于观察到的奥地利和丹麦当今风电基础设施的场地特征。可用土地面积表明可能高估了最近关于可再生能源转型的研究中提出的风力发电能力。因此，在评估潜在的风电扩张时，需要更严格地考虑土地可用性。奥地利和丹麦的风电基础设施。可用土地面积表明可能高估了最近关于可再生能源转型的研究中提出的风力发电能力。因此，在评估潜在的风电扩张时，需要更严格地考虑土地可用性。奥地利和丹麦的风电基础设施。可用土地面积表明可能高估了最近关于可再生能源转型的研究中提出的风力发电能力。因此，在评估潜在的风电扩张时，需要更严格地考虑土地可用性。