BACKGROUND Symbiotic bacteria contribute to a multitude of important biological functions such as nutrition and reproduction and affect multiple physiological factors like fitness and longevity in their insect hosts. The melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is an important agricultural pest that affects a variety of cultivated plants belonging mostly to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is considered invasive and widespread in many parts of the world. Several approaches are currently being considered for the management of its populations including the environmentally friendly and effective sterile insect technique (SIT), as a component of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. In the present study, we examined the effect of diet and radiation on the bacterial symbiome of Z. cucurbitae flies with the use of Next Generation Sequencing technologies. RESULTS Melon flies were reared on two diets at the larval stage, an artificial bran-based diet and on sweet gourd, which affected significantly the development of the bacterial profiles. Significant differentiation was also observed based on gender. The effect of radiation was mostly diet dependent, with irradiated melon flies reared on the bran diet exhibiting a significant reduction in species diversity and richness compared to their non-irradiated controls. Changes in the bacterial symbiome of the irradiated melon flies included a drastic reduction in the number of sequences affiliated with members of Citrobacter, Raoultella, and Enterobacteriaceae. At the same time, an increase was observed for members of Enterobacter, Providencia and Morganella. Interestingly, the irradiated male melon flies reared on sweet gourd showed a clear differentiation compared to their non-irradiated controls, namely a significant reduction in species richness and minor differences in the relative abundance for members of Enterobacter and Providencia. CONCLUSIONS The two diets in conjunction with the irradiation affected significantly the formation of the bacterial symbiome. Melon flies reared on the bran-based artificial diet displayed significant changes in the bacterial symbiome upon irradiation, in all aspects, including species richness, diversity and composition. When reared on sweet gourd, significant changes occurred to male samples due to radiation, only in terms of species richness.

中文翻译：

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饮食和辐射对瓜蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae（Coquillett）细菌共生组的影响。

背景技术共生细菌有助于多种重要的生物学功能，例如营养和繁殖，并影响其昆虫宿主中的多种生理因素，例如适应性和寿命。瓜蝇（Zeugodacus cucurbitae）（Coquillett）是一种重要的农业害虫，它影响了多种主要属于葫芦科的栽培植物。它被认为是侵入性的，并在世界许多地方广泛传播。目前正在考虑几种管理其种群的方法，包括将环境友好，有效的不育昆虫技术（SIT）作为病虫害综合治理（IPM）战略的一部分。在本研究中，我们检查了饮食和辐射对Z细菌共生体的影响。葫芦科利用下一代测序技术飞翔。结果在幼虫期，两种日粮，一种基于麸皮的人工日粮和以甜葫芦为食的甜瓜果蝇均被饲养，这显着影响了细菌的发育。还观察到基于性别的显着差异。辐射的影响主要取决于饮食，与麸皮饮食相比，在麸皮饮食上饲养的经过辐射的瓜果与未受辐照的对照相比，物种多样性和丰富度显着降低。辐射过的瓜果的细菌共生体的变化包括与柠檬酸杆菌，劳氏杆菌和肠杆菌科成员隶属的序列数量急剧减少。同时，观察到肠杆菌，普罗维登西亚和摩根奈拉菌的数量增加。有趣的是，与未辐照的对照相比，在甜瓜上饲养的辐照的雄性瓜果表现出明显的分化，即，物种丰富度显着降低，而肠杆菌和普罗维登西亚的相对丰度则略有差异。结论两种饮食与辐射一起显着影响细菌共生组的形成。在基于麸皮的人工饮食上饲养的瓜果蝇在辐照后的细菌共生组中表现出显着变化，包括物种丰富度，多样性和组成在内的所有方面。当在甜瓜上饲养时，雄性样品由于辐射而发生了显着变化，仅在物种丰富度方面。即肠杆菌和普罗维登西亚种的物种丰富度显着降低，相对丰度略有差异。结论两种饮食与辐射一起显着影响细菌共生组的形成。在基于麸皮的人工饮食上饲养的瓜果蝇在辐照后的细菌共生组中表现出显着变化，包括物种丰富度，多样性和组成在内的所有方面。当在甜瓜上饲养时，雄性样品由于辐射而发生了显着变化，仅在物种丰富度方面。即肠杆菌和普罗维登西亚种的物种丰富度显着降低，相对丰度略有差异。结论两种饮食与辐射一起显着影响细菌共生组的形成。在基于麸皮的人工饮食上饲养的瓜果蝇在辐照后的细菌共生组中表现出显着变化，包括物种丰富度，多样性和组成各方面。当在甜瓜上饲养时，雄性样品由于辐射而发生了显着变化，仅在物种丰富度方面。在基于麸皮的人工饮食上饲养的瓜果蝇在辐照后的细菌共生组中表现出显着变化，包括物种丰富度，多样性和组成在内的所有方面。当在甜瓜上饲养时，雄性样品由于辐射而发生了显着变化，仅在物种丰富度方面。在基于麸皮的人工饮食上饲养的瓜果蝇在辐照后的细菌共生组中表现出显着变化，包括物种丰富度，多样性和组成在内的所有方面。当在甜瓜上饲养时，雄性样品由于辐射而发生了显着变化，仅在物种丰富度方面。