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Below‐ground responses to insect herbivory in ecosystems with woody plant canopies: A meta‐analysis
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-16 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13319 Jeppe Å. Kristensen 1 , Johannes Rousk 2 , Daniel B. Metcalfe 1
中文翻译：
木本植物冠层生态系统中地下对食草动物的反应：荟萃分析
更新日期：2019-12-16
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-16 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13319 Jeppe Å. Kristensen 1 , Johannes Rousk 2 , Daniel B. Metcalfe 1
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- Insect herbivory can have important consequences for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite a growing recognition of the role of herbivores in above‐ground–below‐ground interactions, our current understanding is mainly restricted to studies of vertebrates in grassland and tundra ecosystems, while ecosystems with tree‐like canopies (termed forests below) and invertebrates remain understudied.
- Here, we assess the current state of knowledge of one key aspect of plant–herbivore interactions by conducting a meta‐analysis of the peer‐reviewed literature on the below‐ground consequences of above‐ground insect herbivory in forest ecosystems. Main results are reported as aggregated relative effect sizes (Cohen's d).
- We find that above‐ground insect herbivory reduced below‐ground carbon (C) allocation by plants to roots (−0.56) and root exudation (−0.85), causing shifts in root–symbiont communities, for example, a decrease (−0.67) in the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Microbial decomposer abundances showed no significant responses, while soil faunal abundances increased (0.50). C and nitrogen (N) mineralization rates (C: 0.48, N: 0.48) along with nutrient leaching (C: 0.30, N: 0.77) increased, with a stronger response to outbreak relative to background insect densities. The negative responses increased in strength in colder and dryer biomes while positive responses were reinforced in warmer and wetter biomes, thus extending previously shown effects for vertebrate herbivores to also include insect herbivory. The positive response by soil fauna to insect herbivory was the notable exception. This may be associated with the limited physical soil disturbance caused by insects compared to ungulates. Furthermore, we identified an under‐representation in the literature of large areas of boreal and tropical biomes calling for research priorities to fill these knowledge gaps. We present three recommendations for future research: addressing (a) biological drivers of biogeochemistry and response pathways, (b) knowledge gap from boreal and tropical forests, and (c) heterogeneity of herbivore disturbances.
- Synthesis. Insect herbivores significantly accelerate soil C and N cycling during outbreaks in forest ecosystems, but we lack knowledge on the underlying biological drivers. Overall, below‐ground responses to insect herbivory are similar to vertebrate herbivory responses, which may simplify implementing herbivory effects into ecosystem models. Nonetheless, we identify a few important differences and general knowledge gaps on which we base recommendations for future research.
中文翻译：
木本植物冠层生态系统中地下对食草动物的反应：荟萃分析
- 食草昆虫可能对陆地生态系统的功能产生重要影响。尽管人们越来越认识到草食动物在地上-地下相互作用中的作用，但我们目前的理解主要局限于草地和苔原生态系统中的脊椎动物研究，而具有树状冠层（以下称为森林）和无脊椎动物的生态系统仍然存在。研究不足。
- 在这里，我们通过对森林生态系统中地上昆虫食草对地下的后果进行同行评审的文献的荟萃分析，来评估植物-草食动物相互作用的一个关键方面的当前知识状态。主要结果报告为合计相对效应大小（Cohen d）。
- 我们发现地上昆虫食草减少了植物对根系（−0.56）和根系分泌物（−0.85）的地下碳（C）分配，从而导致了根共生菌群落的转移，例如减少了（−0.67）。在丰富的外生菌根真菌中。微生物分解物的丰度没有明显的反应，而土壤动物的丰度却增加了（0.50）。碳和氮（N）的矿化率（C：0.48，N：0.48）以及营养物的淋失（C：0.30，N：0.77）增加，相对于背景昆虫密度，对爆发的响应更强。在较冷和较干燥的生物群落中，阴性反应的强度增加，而在较温暖和较湿的生物群落中，阳性反应得到增强，因此将先前显示的对脊椎动物食草动物的影响扩展到了昆虫食草。土壤动物对食草动物的积极反应是一个明显的例外。与有蹄类动物相比，这可能与昆虫引起的有限的土壤物理干扰有关。此外，我们发现在北方和热带生物群落的大面积文献中代表性不足，呼吁优先研究以填补这些知识空白。我们为未来的研究提出了三点建议：解决（a）生物地球化学和响应途径的生物学驱动因素，（b）北方和热带森林的知识鸿沟，以及（c）草食动物干扰的异质性。我们发现在北方和热带生物群落大片地区文献中代表性不足，因此需要优先研究以填补这些知识空白。我们为未来的研究提出了三点建议：解决（a）生物地球化学和响应途径的生物学驱动因素，（b）北方和热带森林的知识鸿沟，以及（c）草食动物干扰的异质性。我们发现在北方和热带生物群落大片地区文献中代表性不足，因此需要优先研究以填补这些知识空白。我们为未来的研究提出了三点建议：解决（a）生物地球化学和响应途径的生物学驱动因素，（b）北方和热带森林的知识鸿沟，以及（c）草食动物干扰的异质性。
- 合成。昆虫食草动物在森林生态系统爆发期间显着加速了土壤碳和氮的循环，但是我们缺乏有关潜在生物驱动力的知识。总体而言，地下对昆虫食草的反应类似于脊椎动物的食草反应，这可能会简化将食草作用实施到生态系统模型中的过程。尽管如此，我们发现了一些重要的差异和常识性的差距，我们在此基础上提出了用于未来研究的建议。
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