Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell‐surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide‐binding site (NBS) and leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs’ dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and calcium (Ca²⁺) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full‐length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor‐helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain.

中文翻译：

---

植物免疫信号传导：在两个领域上取得进展。

植物已经进化出多种防御策略来应对病原体，其中依赖于细胞表面局部和细胞内受体的植物免疫信号起着基本的作用。最近在模式识别受体（PRR），细胞内核苷酸结合位点（NBS）和富亮氨酸重复序列（LRR）域受体（NLR）的信号传导机制方面取得了令人激动的突破。这篇综述总结了PRRs激活的当前观点，强调了有关PRRs动态调节和信号传导机制的最新发现，这些发现直接导致下游分子事件，包括促分裂原激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）激活和钙（Ca ²⁺） 爆裂。植物还进化了细胞内NLR，以感知特定病原体效应物的存在并触发更强大的免疫反应。我们还将讨论当前对NLR激活机制的理解，最近的突破极大地推动了这种理解，包括首个全长植物NLR复合体的结构，NLR传感器-辅助物对的发现以及Toll / interleukin-1的新颖生化活性受体（TIR）域。