Advances in the biological sciences have led to an ongoing paradigm shift in toxicity testing based on expanded application of high-throughput in vitro screening and in silico methods to assess potential health risks of environmental agents. This review examines progress on the vision for toxicity testing elaborated by the US National Research Council (NRC) during the decade that has passed since the 2007 NRC report on Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century (TT21C). Concomitant advances in exposure assessment, including computational approaches and high-throughput exposomics, are also documented. A vision for the next generation of risk science, incorporating risk assessment methodologies suitable for the analysis of new toxicological and exposure data, resulting in human exposure guidelines is described. Case study prototypes indicating how these new approaches to toxicity testing, exposure measurement, and risk assessment are beginning to be applied in practice are presented. Overall, progress on the 20-year transition plan laid out by the US NRC in 2007 has been substantial. Importantly, government agencies within the United States and internationally are beginning to incorporate the new approach methodologies envisaged in the original TT21C vision into regulatory practice. Future perspectives on the continued evolution of toxicity testing to strengthen regulatory risk assessment are provided.

中文翻译：

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21世纪的毒性测试：过去十年的进步和未来展望。

随着高通量体外筛选和计算机方法广泛应用于评估环境因素潜在的健康风险，生物学科学的进步导致毒性测试方法的不断发展。这篇评论回顾了自2007年NRC关于21世纪毒性测试（TT21C）的报告以来，美国国家研究委员会（NRC）制定的十年来关于毒性测试的愿景的进展。还记录了接触评估的相应进展，包括计算方法和高通量爆炸学。描述了下一代风险科学的愿景，该愿景结合了适用于新的毒理学和暴露数据分析的风险评估方法，从而得出了人类暴露指南。案例研究原型说明了如何将这些新的毒性测试，暴露量测量和风险评估方法开始在实践中应用。总体而言，美国NRC在2007年制定的20年过渡计划取得了实质性进展。重要的是，美国和国际上的政府机构已开始将TT21C最初愿景中设想的新方法方法纳入监管实践。提供了关于毒性试验持续发展以加强监管风险评估的未来观点。美国和国际上的政府机构已开始将TT21C最初愿景中设想的新方法方法纳入监管实践。提供了关于毒性试验持续发展以加强监管风险评估的未来观点。美国和国际上的政府机构已开始将TT21C最初愿景中设想的新方法方法纳入监管实践。提供了关于毒性试验持续发展以加强监管风险评估的未来观点。