Typically, pathogens infect multiple host species. Such multihost pathogens can show considerable variation in their degree of infection and transmission specificity, which has important implications for potential disease emergence. Transmission of multihost pathogens can be driven by key host species and changes in such transmission networks can lead to disease emergence. We study two viruses that show contrasting patterns of prevalence and specificity in managed honeybees and wild bumblebees, black queen cell virus (BQCV) and slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV), in the context of the novel transmission route provided by the virus-vectoring Varroa destructor. Our key result is that viral communities and RNA virus genetic variation are structured by location, not host species or V. destructor presence. Interspecific transmission is pervasive with the same viral variants circulating between pollinator hosts in each location; yet, we found virus-specific host differences in prevalence and viral load. Importantly, V. destructor presence increases the prevalence in honeybees and, indirectly, in wild bumblebees, but in contrast to its impact on deformed wing virus (DWV), BQCV and SBPV viral loads are not increased by Varroa presence, and do not show genetic evidence of recent emergence. Effective control of Varroa in managed honeybee colonies is necessary to mitigate further disease emergence, and alleviate disease pressure on our vital wild bee populations. More generally, our results highlight the over-riding importance of geographical location to the epidemiological outcome despite the complexity of multihost-parasite interactions.

中文翻译：

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新型专家载体对野生和管理蜜蜂中多宿主病毒病原体流行病学的影响。

通常，病原体感染多种宿主物种。此类多宿主病原体的感染程度和传播特异性可能表现出相当大的差异，这对潜在疾病的出现具有重要意义。多宿主病原体的传播可以由关键的宿主物种驱动，并且这种传播网络的变化可以导致疾病的出现。我们研究了两种病毒，它们在以病毒为载体的Varroa提供的新型传播途径的背景下，在受控蜜蜂和野生大黄蜂，黑皇后细胞病毒（BQCV）和慢蜂麻痹病毒（SBPV）中显示了普遍性和特异性的对比模式。析构函数。我们的主要结果是病毒群落和RNA病毒的遗传变异是根据位置而不是宿主物种或V. destructor的存在来构造的。种间传播无处不在，在每个位置的传粉媒介宿主之间传播着相同的病毒变体。然而，我们发现病毒特异性宿主在流行率和病毒载量方面存在差异。重要的是，V。destructor的存在会增加蜜蜂以及野生大黄蜂中的流行率，但是与它对变形的机翼病毒（DWV）的影响相反，Varroa的存在不会增加BQCV和SBPV病毒载量，并且不显示遗传最近出现的证据。有效控制蜜蜂群落中的Varroa对减轻进一步的疾病发作，减轻疾病对我们重要的野生蜂种群的压力是必要的。更广泛地说，尽管多宿主-寄生虫相互作用的复杂性，我们的结果强调了地理位置对流行病学结果的压倒一切的重要性。