Studies of the factors governing global patterns of biodiversity are key to predicting community responses to ongoing and future abiotic and biotic changes. Although most research has focused on present-day climate, a growing body of evidence indicates that modern ecological communities may be significantly shaped by paleoclimatic change and past anthropogenic factors. However, the generality of this pattern is unknown, as global analyses are lacking. Here we quantify the phylogenetic and functional trait structure of 515 tropical and subtropical large mammal communities and predict their structure from past and present climatic and anthropogenic factors. We find that the effects of Quaternary paleoclimatic change are strongest in the Afrotropics, with communities in the Indomalayan realm showing mixed effects of modern climate and paleoclimate. Malagasy communities are poorly predicted by any single factor, likely due to the atypical history of the island compared with continental regions. Neotropical communities are mainly codetermined by modern climate and prehistoric and historical human impacts. Overall, our results indicate that the factors governing tropical and subtropical mammalian biodiversity are complex, with the importance of past and present factors varying based on the divergent histories of the world's biogeographic realms and their native biotas. Consideration of the evolutionary and ecological legacies of both the recent and ancient past are key to understanding the forces shaping global patterns of present-day biodiversity and its response to ongoing and future abiotic and biotic changes in the 21st century.

中文翻译：

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地理上不同的进化和生态遗产塑造了全球热带和亚热带地区的哺乳动物生物多样性。

对控制全球生物多样性模式的因素的研究是预测社区对当前和未来非生物和生物变化的反应的关键。尽管大多数研究都集中在当今的气候上，但越来越多的证据表明，现代生态群落可能受古气候变化和过去的人为因素影响很大。但是，由于缺乏全局分析，因此这种模式的普遍性未知。在这里，我们量化了515个热带和亚热带大型哺乳动物群落的系统发育和功能性状结构，并根据过去和现在的气候和人为因素预测了它们的结构。我们发现，第四纪古气候变化的影响在非热带地区最为明显，在安多巴拉扬地区的群落显示出现代气候和古气候的混合影响。马达加斯加人的社区对任何单个因素的预测都很差，这很可能是由于该岛与大陆地区相比具有非典型的历史。新热带社区主要由现代气候以及史前和历史人类影响共同决定。总体而言，我们的结果表明，控制热带和亚热带哺乳动物生物多样性的因素是复杂的，过去和现在的重要性因世界生物地理领域及其原生生物区系的不同历史而异。考虑到近代和古代的进化和生态遗产，对于理解塑造当今生物多样性全球格局的力量及其对21世纪持续的和未来的非生物和生物变化的反应至关重要。