Plasmodium parasites cause malaria and are maintained between Anopheles mosquitoes and mammalian hosts in a complex life cycle. Malaria parasites occupy tissue niches that can be difficult to access, and models to study them can be challenging to recapitulate experimentally, particularly for Plasmodium species that infect humans. 2D culture models provide extremely beneficial tools to investigate Plasmodium biology but they have limitations. More complex 3D structural networks, such as organoids, have unveiled new avenues for developing more physiological tissue models, and their application to malaria research offers great promise. Here, we review current models for studying Plasmodium infection with a key focus on the obligate pre-erythrocytic stage that culminates in blood infection, causing malaria, and discuss how organoids should fulfil an important and unmet need.

中文翻译：

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肝阶段疟疾研究的类器官。

疟原虫寄生虫会引起疟疾，并在复杂的生命周期中保持在按蚊和哺乳动物宿主之间。疟疾寄生虫占据了难以接近的组织壁ni，而研究它们的模型可能难以通过实验来概括，特别是对于感染人类的​​疟原虫物种而言。2D培养模型为研究疟原虫生物学提供了极为有益的工具，但它们有局限性。更复杂的3D结构网络（例如类器官）为开发更多的生理组织模型开辟了新途径，它们在疟疾研究中的应用提供了广阔的前景。在这里，我们回顾了目前用于研究疟原虫感染的模型，重点研究了专一的促红细胞生成前阶段，该阶段最终导致血液感染，导致疟疾，