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Using the delayed spatial alternation task to assess environmentally associated changes in working memory in very young children.
NeuroToxicology ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-16 , DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.009
Megan K Horton 1 , Laura Zheng 1 , Ashley Williams 1 , John T Doucette 1 , Katherine Svensson 2 , Deborah Cory-Slechta 3 , Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz 4 , Mariana Torres-Calapiz 5 , David Bellinger 6 , Lourdes Schnaas 7 , Martha María Mara Téllez Rojo 5 , Robert Wright 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) is critical for problem solving and reasoning. Beginning in infancy, children show WM capacity increasing with age but there are few validated tests of WM in very young children. Because rapid brain development may increase susceptibility to adverse impacts of prenatal neurotoxicant exposure, such as lead, tests of WM in very young children would help to delineate onset of developmental problems and windows of susceptibility. PURPOSE Our objective was to assess the feasibility of administering a Delayed Spatial Alternation Task (DSAT) to measure WM among 18- and 24-month old children enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort study and compare DSAT performance with age and general cognitive development. We further explored whether prenatal lead exposure impacted DSAT performance. METHODS We assessed 457 mother-child pairs participating in the Programming Research in Obesity, GRowth, Environment and Social Stressors (PROGRESS) Study in Mexico City. The DSAT and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) were administered at 18- and 24-months. Lead was measured in maternal blood collected during pregnancy (MBPb) and in a subsample of children at 24-months (CBPb). We regressed DSAT measures on MBPb and CBPb, child sex, and maternal age, education, socioeconomic status, and household smoking. We compared DSAT performance to BSID-III performance with adjusted residuals. RESULTS 24-month children perform better on the DSAT than 18-month children; 24-month subjects reached a higher level on the DSAT (3.3 (0.86) vs. 2.4 (0.97), p < 0.01), and had a higher number of correct responses (20.3 vs. 17.2, p < 0.01). In all DSAT parameters, females performed better than males. Maternal education predicted better DSAT performance; household smoking predicted worse DSAT performance. A higher number of correct responses was associated with higher BSID-III Cognitive scales at 18 months (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and 24 months (r = 0.27, p < 0.01). MBPb and CPBb did not significantly predict DSAT performance. CONCLUSION Improved performance on the DSAT with increasing age, the positive correlation with the BSID-III cognitive and language scales and the correlation with common sociodemographic predictors of neurodevelopment demonstrate the validity of the DSAT as a test of infant development.

中文翻译:

使用延迟空间交替任务评估幼儿工作记忆中与环境相关的变化。

背景技术工作记忆(WM)对于解决问题和推理是至关重要的。从婴儿期开始,儿童表现出 WM 能力随着年龄的增长而增加,但很少有针对年幼儿童的 WM 验证测试。由于大脑快速发育可能会增加对铅等产前神经毒物暴露的不利影响的易感性,因此对年幼儿童进行 WM 测试将有助于描述发育问题的发作和易感性窗口。目的 我们的目标是评估执行延迟空间交替任务 (DSAT) 以测量参加正在进行的纵向出生队列研究的 18 个月和 24 个月大儿童的 WM 的可行性,并将 DSAT 表现与年龄和一般认知发展进行比较。我们进一步探讨了产前铅暴露是否影响 DSAT 表现。方法 我们评估了 457 对参与墨西哥城肥胖、生长、环境和社会压力源规划研究 (PROGRESS) 研究的母子对。DSAT 和 Bayley 婴儿发育量表 (BSID-III) 在 18 个月和 24 个月时进行。在怀孕期间收集的母体血液 (MBPb) 和 24 个月大的儿童子样本 (CBPb) 中测量了铅含量。我们对 MBPb 和 CBPb、儿童性别和产妇年龄、教育、社会经济地位和家庭吸烟情况进行了 DSAT 测量的回归。我们将 DSAT 性能与调整残差的 BSID-III 性能进行了比较。结果 24 个月大的孩子比 18 个月大的孩子在 DSAT 中表现更好;24 个月大的受试者在 DSAT 上达到了更高的水平(3.3 (0.86) 对 2.4 (0.97),p < 0.01),并且有更多的正确答案(20.3 对 17.2,p < 0.01)。在所有 DSAT 参数中,女性的表现都优于男性。母亲教育预示着更好的 DSAT 表现;家庭吸烟预示着更差的 DSAT 表现。在 18 个月(r = 0.20,p < 0.01)和 24 个月(r = 0.27,p < 0.01)时,更多的正确反应与更高的 BSID-III 认知量表相关。MBPb 和 CPBb 没有显着预测 DSAT 性能。结论 DSAT 的表现随着年龄的增长而提高,与 BSID-III 认知和语言量表的正相关以及与神经发育的常见社会人口统计学预测因子的相关性证明了 DSAT 作为婴儿发育测试的有效性。在 18 个月(r = 0.20,p < 0.01)和 24 个月(r = 0.27,p < 0.01)时,更多的正确反应与更高的 BSID-III 认知量表相关。MBPb 和 CPBb 没有显着预测 DSAT 性能。结论 DSAT 的表现随着年龄的增长而提高,与 BSID-III 认知和语言量表的正相关以及与神经发育的常见社会人口统计学预测因子的相关性证明了 DSAT 作为婴儿发育测试的有效性。在 18 个月(r = 0.20,p < 0.01)和 24 个月(r = 0.27,p < 0.01)时,更多的正确反应与更高的 BSID-III 认知量表相关。MBPb 和 CPBb 没有显着预测 DSAT 性能。结论 DSAT 的表现随着年龄的增长而提高,与 BSID-III 认知和语言量表的正相关以及与神经发育的常见社会人口统计学预测因子的相关性证明了 DSAT 作为婴儿发育测试的有效性。
更新日期:2019-12-17
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