The aim of the present study was to map the painting materials, degradation processes, and biological features present on the mural painting in the church of St. Mary in Beram (Croatia) to study their possible interaction and produce information helping the preservation of this valuable painting. The research was conducted on micro samples of painting materials taken from different sites along the painting and the characterization of the present fungal species was carried out. The painting samples, together with observable patinas and degradation products, were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Fungal diversity was studied using cultivation methods followed by OM and SEM analyses in addition to molecular analysis. The results contribute to the characterization of the original painting materials, successively added materials and occurred interventions, to the understanding of degradation progressions and fungal biotransformation processes. A mineral, cumengite, a copper-based pigment extremely rarely used in art, was found. Its occurrence together with barium sulfate, gypsum, and calcium oxalate possibly produced by microbiological activity was studied and information was added regarding the composition of painting materials in St. Mary church mural cycle.

中文翻译：

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克罗地亚贝拉姆中世纪壁画中铜基颜料和真菌污染的微观分析证据

本研究的目的是绘制位于贝拉姆（克罗地亚）的圣玛丽教堂壁画上的绘画材料、降解过程和生物特征，以研究它们可能的相互作用并提供有助于保护这一宝贵资源的信息。绘画。对取自绘画沿线不同地点的绘画材料进行了研究，并对目前的真菌物种进行了表征。通过光学显微镜 (OM)、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散光谱 (SEM/EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱和粉末 X 射线衍射对油漆样品以及可观察到的铜绿和降解产物进行了研究。除了分子分析外，还使用培养方法研究真菌多样性，然后进行 OM 和 SEM 分析。该结果有助于表征原始绘画材料、连续添加材料和发生的干预措施，以了解降解进程和真菌生物转化过程。发现了一种矿物 cumengite，一种在艺术中极少使用的铜基颜料。研究了它与可能由微生物活动产生的硫酸钡、石膏和草酸钙一起出现，并补充了有关圣玛丽教堂壁画周期中绘画材料组成的信息。了解降解过程和真菌生物转化过程。发现了一种矿物 cumengite，一种在艺术中极少使用的铜基颜料。研究了它与可能由微生物活动产生的硫酸钡、石膏和草酸钙一起出现，并补充了有关圣玛丽教堂壁画周期中绘画材料组成的信息。了解降解过程和真菌生物转化过程。发现了一种矿物 cumengite，一种在艺术中极少使用的铜基颜料。研究了它与可能由微生物活动产生的硫酸钡、石膏和草酸钙一起出现，并补充了有关圣玛丽教堂壁画周期中绘画材料组成的信息。