OBJECTIVES This study aimed at developing technical recommendations for the acquisition, processing and analysis of renal ASL data in the human kidney at 1.5 T and 3 T field strengths that can promote standardization of renal perfusion measurements and facilitate the comparability of results across scanners and in multi-centre clinical studies. METHODS An international panel of 23 renal ASL experts followed a modified Delphi process, including on-line surveys and two in-person meetings, to formulate a series of consensus statements regarding patient preparation, hardware, acquisition protocol, analysis steps and data reporting. RESULTS Fifty-nine statements achieved consensus, while agreement could not be reached on two statements related to patient preparation. As a default protocol, the panel recommends pseudo-continuous (PCASL) or flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) labelling with a single-slice spin-echo EPI readout with background suppression and a simple but robust quantification model. DISCUSSION This approach is considered robust and reproducible and can provide renal perfusion images of adequate quality and SNR for most applications. If extended kidney coverage is desirable, a 2D multislice readout is recommended. These recommendations are based on current available evidence and expert opinion. Nonetheless they are expected to be updated as more data become available, since the renal ASL literature is rapidly expanding.

中文翻译：

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基于共识的肾脏 ASL MRI 临床转化技术建议。

目的 本研究旨在为在 1.5 T 和 3 T 场强下采集、处理和分析人肾脏中的肾脏 ASL 数据制定技术建议，以促进肾脏灌注测量的标准化，并促进跨扫描仪和多通道测量结果的可比性。 -中心临床研究。方法 由 23 名肾脏 ASL 专家组成的国际小组遵循改进的 Delphi 流程，包括在线调查和两次面对面会议，就患者准备、硬件、采集协议、分析步骤和数据报告制定一系列共识声明。结果 59 份声明达成共识，而两项与患者准备相关的声明未能达成一致。作为默认协议，专家组建议使用具有背景抑制的单层自旋回波 EPI 读数和简单但稳健的量化模型进行伪连续 (PCASL) 或流量敏感交替反转恢复 (FAIR) 标记。讨论这种方法被认为是稳健和可重复的，并且可以为大多数应用提供足够质量和 SNR 的肾灌注图像。如果需要扩大肾脏覆盖范围，建议使用 2D 多层读数。这些建议基于当前可用的证据和专家意见。尽管如此，由于肾脏 ASL 文献正在迅速扩大，因此随着更多数据的可用，它们预计将被更新。讨论这种方法被认为是稳健和可重复的，并且可以为大多数应用提供足够质量和 SNR 的肾灌注图像。如果需要扩大肾脏覆盖范围，建议使用 2D 多层读数。这些建议基于当前可用的证据和专家意见。尽管如此，由于肾脏 ASL 文献正在迅速扩大，因此随着更多数据的可用，它们预计将被更新。讨论这种方法被认为是稳健和可重复的，并且可以为大多数应用提供足够质量和 SNR 的肾灌注图像。如果需要扩大肾脏覆盖范围，建议使用 2D 多层读数。这些建议基于当前可用的证据和专家意见。尽管如此，由于肾脏 ASL 文献正在迅速扩大，因此随着更多数据的可用，它们预计将被更新。