Skeletal muscle is one of the most abundant tissues in the body. Although it has a relatively good regeneration capacity, it cannot heal in the case of disease or severe damage. Many current tissue engineering strategies fall short due to the complex structure of skeletal muscle. Biofabrication techniques have emerged as a popular set of methods for increasing the complexity of tissue-like constructs. In this paper, 4D biofabrication technique is introduced for fabrication of the skeletal muscle microtissues. To this end, a bilayer scaffold consisting of a layer of anisotropic methacrylated alginate fibers (AA-MA) and aligned polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were fabricated using electrospinning and later induced to self-fold to encapsulate myoblasts. Bilayer mats undergo shape-transformation in an aqueous buffer, a process that depends on their overall thickness, the thickness of each layer and the geometry of the mat. Proper selection of these parameters allowed fabrication of scroll-like tubes encapsulating myoblasts. The myoblasts were shown to align along the axis of the anisotropic PCL fibers and further differentiated into aligned myotubes that contracted under electrical stimulation. Overall the significance of this approach is in the fabrication of hollow tubular constructs that can be further developed for the formation of a vascularized and functional muscle.

骨骼肌是体内最丰富的组织之一。虽然它有比较好的再生能力，但在疾病或严重损伤的情况下，它是无法愈合的。由于骨骼肌的复杂结构，许多当前的组织工程策略都达不到要求。生物制造技术已成为增加组织样结构复杂性的一套流行方法。本文介绍了 4D 生物制造技术用于骨骼肌微组织的制造。为此，使用静电纺丝制造了由一层各向异性甲基丙烯酸化海藻酸盐纤维 (AA-MA) 和对齐的聚己内酯 (PCL) 纤维组成的双层支架，然后诱导其自我折叠以封装成肌细胞。双层垫在水性缓冲液中发生形状转变，这个过程取决于它们的整体厚度、每层的厚度和垫子的几何形状。正确选择这些参数可以制造包裹成肌细胞的卷轴状管。显示成肌细胞沿各向异性 PCL 纤维的轴排列，并进一步分化为在电刺激下收缩的排列的肌管。总体而言，这种方法的意义在于制造空心管状结构，可以进一步开发以形成血管化和功能性肌肉。显示成肌细胞沿各向异性 PCL 纤维的轴排列，并进一步分化为在电刺激下收缩的排列的肌管。总体而言，这种方法的意义在于制造空心管状结构，可以进一步开发以形成血管化和功能性肌肉。显示成肌细胞沿各向异性 PCL 纤维的轴排列，并进一步分化为在电刺激下收缩的排列的肌管。总体而言，这种方法的意义在于制造空心管状结构，可以进一步开发以形成血管化和功能性肌肉。