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Predator Dormancy is a Stable Adaptive Strategy due to Parrondo's Paradox.
Advanced Science ( IF 14.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-12 , DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901559 Zhi-Xuan Tan 1 , Jin Ming Koh 1 , Eugene V Koonin 2 , Kang Hao Cheong 1, 3
Advanced Science ( IF 14.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-12 , DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901559 Zhi-Xuan Tan 1 , Jin Ming Koh 1 , Eugene V Koonin 2 , Kang Hao Cheong 1, 3
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Many predators produce dormant offspring to escape harsh environmental conditions, but the evolutionary stability of this adaptation has not been fully explored. Like seed banks in plants, dormancy provides a stable competitive advantage when seasonal variations occur, because the persistence of dormant forms under harsh conditions compensates for the increased cost of producing dormant offspring. However, dormancy also exists in environments with minimal abiotic variation-an observation not accounted for by existing theory. Here it is demonstrated that dormancy can out-compete perennial activity under conditions of extensive prey density fluctuation caused by overpredation. It is shown that at a critical level of prey density fluctuations, dormancy becomes an evolutionarily stable strategy. This is interpreted as a manifestation of Parrondo's paradox: although neither the active nor dormant forms of a dormancy-capable predator can individually out-compete a perennially active predator, alternating between these two losing strategies can paradoxically result in a winning strategy. Parrondo's paradox may thus explain the widespread success of quiescent behavioral strategies such as dormancy, suggesting that dormancy emerges as a natural evolutionary response to the self-destructive tendencies of overpredation and related biological phenomena.
中文翻译：
由于帕隆多悖论，捕食者休眠是一种稳定的自适应策略。
许多捕食者产生休眠后代以逃避恶劣的环境条件，但这种适应的进化稳定性尚未得到充分探索。就像植物的种子库一样，当季节变化发生时，休眠提供了稳定的竞争优势，因为在恶劣条件下休眠形式的持续存在可以补偿生产休眠后代的成本增加。然而，休眠也存在于非生物变异极小的环境中——现有理论并未解释这一观察结果。这里证明，在过度捕食导致猎物密度大幅波动的情况下，休眠可以胜过常年活动。结果表明，在猎物密度波动的临界水平上，休眠成为一种进化稳定的策略。这被解释为帕隆多悖论的体现：虽然具有休眠能力的捕食者的活跃形式和休眠形式都无法单独击败常年活跃的捕食者，但这两种失败策略之间的交替可能会矛盾地导致获胜策略。因此，帕隆多悖论可以解释休眠等静止行为策略的广泛成功，这表明休眠是对过度掠夺和相关生物现象的自我毁灭倾向的自然进化反应。
更新日期：2019-12-13
中文翻译：
由于帕隆多悖论，捕食者休眠是一种稳定的自适应策略。
许多捕食者产生休眠后代以逃避恶劣的环境条件，但这种适应的进化稳定性尚未得到充分探索。就像植物的种子库一样，当季节变化发生时，休眠提供了稳定的竞争优势，因为在恶劣条件下休眠形式的持续存在可以补偿生产休眠后代的成本增加。然而，休眠也存在于非生物变异极小的环境中——现有理论并未解释这一观察结果。这里证明，在过度捕食导致猎物密度大幅波动的情况下，休眠可以胜过常年活动。结果表明，在猎物密度波动的临界水平上，休眠成为一种进化稳定的策略。这被解释为帕隆多悖论的体现：虽然具有休眠能力的捕食者的活跃形式和休眠形式都无法单独击败常年活跃的捕食者，但这两种失败策略之间的交替可能会矛盾地导致获胜策略。因此，帕隆多悖论可以解释休眠等静止行为策略的广泛成功，这表明休眠是对过度掠夺和相关生物现象的自我毁灭倾向的自然进化反应。
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