Extracellular Vesicles and Their Roles in Stem Cell Biology: Concise Review,STEM CELLS

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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Roles in Stem Cell Biology: Concise Review
STEM CELLS ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-10 , DOI: 10.1002/stem.3140
Yun Ha Hur ₁ , Richard A Cerione _{1,

2} , Marc A Antonyak ₁

Affiliation

Stem cells use a variety of mechanisms to help maintain their pluripotency and promote self‐renewal, as well as, at the appropriate time, to differentiate into specialized cells. One such mechanism that is attracting significant attention from the stem cell, development, and regenerative medicine research communities involves a form of intercellular communication, specifically, the ability of cells to form and release nontraditional membrane‐enclosed structures, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). There are two major classes of EVs, microvesicles (MVs), which are generated through the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, and exosomes, which are formed as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the endo‐lysosomal pathway that fuse with the cell surface to release their contents. Although they differ in how they are formed, both MVs and exosomes have been shown to contain a diverse array of bioactive cargo, such as proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA, which can be transferred to other cells and promote phenotypic changes. Here, we will describe what is currently known regarding EVs and the roles they play in stem cell biology and different aspects of early development. We will also highlight how the EVs produced by stem cells are being aggressively pursued for clinical applications, including their potential use as therapeutic delivery systems and for their regenerative capabilities.

中文翻译：

细胞外囊泡及其在干细胞生物学中的作用：简明综述

干细胞使用多种机制来帮助维持其多能性和促进自我更新，并在适当的时候分化为特化细胞。一种引起干细胞、发育和再生医学研究界显着关注的机制涉及一种细胞间通讯形式，特别是细胞形成和释放非传统膜封闭结构的能力，称为细胞外囊泡 (EVs) ）。EVs 有两大类，微泡 (MVs)，通过质膜的向外出芽和裂变产生；外泌体，在溶酶体途径中形成多泡体 (MVBs)，与细胞融合表面以释放其内容。虽然它们的形成方式不同，MV 和外泌体都已被证明含有多种生物活性物质，例如蛋白质、RNA 转录物、微 RNA 甚至 DNA，它们可以转移到其他细胞并促进表型变化。在这里，我们将描述目前对 EV 的了解以及它们在干细胞生物学和早期发育的不同方面发挥的作用。我们还将强调干细胞产生的 EV 如何被积极地用于临床应用，包括它们作为治疗传递系统的潜在用途和它们的再生能力。我们将描述目前对 EV 的了解以及它们在干细胞生物学和早期发育的不同方面发挥的作用。我们还将强调干细胞产生的 EV 如何被积极地用于临床应用，包括它们作为治疗传递系统的潜在用途和它们的再生能力。我们将描述目前对 EV 的了解以及它们在干细胞生物学和早期发育的不同方面发挥的作用。我们还将强调干细胞产生的 EV 如何被积极地用于临床应用，包括它们作为治疗传递系统的潜在用途和它们的再生能力。

更新日期：2020-01-10

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