The scaled-up production of biofuels and bioproducts in the US is likely to cause land use expansion and intensification domestically and internationally, possibly leading to undesirable environmental and socioeconomic consequences. Although these concerns have been widely recognized, sustainability governance systems are yet to be developed. Here, we review (1) the US bioenergy policies, (2) biofuel production and market trends, (3) major sustainability concerns, and (4) existing regulations and programs for sustainability governance, including potential interactions with markets and technology. US bioenergy policy dates back to the 1970s and has evolved over time with various tax incentives plus production mandates in recent key legislation. Commercial production of cellulosic biofuels is impeded largely by technology and cost barriers. Uncertainties exist in the estimates of environmental and socioeconomic impacts due to the lack of empirical data and knowledge of complex relationships among biofuel and bioeconomic development, natural ecosystems, and socioeconomic dimensions. There are various existing sustainability governance mechanisms on which a biofuel sustainability governance system can be built on. Considering all these, we propose an adaptive system that incorporates regulations, certification, social norms, market, and technology for sustainability monitoring and governance, and is able to contribute to addressing the overall environmental concerns associated with collective land use for food, fiber, and fuel production. Building on existing programs and mechanisms and with proper monitoring of biofuel and bioproduct development, such a governing system can be developed and implemented in response to sustainability concerns that may arise as biofuel and bioproduct production increases.

中文翻译：

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整合政策，市场和技术，以实现美国以农业为基础的生物燃料和生物经济发展的可持续性治理

在美国，生物燃料和生物产品的大规模生产可能会导致国内和国际上土地利用的扩大和集约化，可能导致不良的环境和社会经济后果。尽管这些担忧已得到广泛认可，但可持续性治理体系尚未开发。在这里，我们回顾（1）美国生物能源政策，（2）生物燃料生产和市场趋势，（3）主要的可持续性问题以及（4）现有的可持续性治理法规和计划，包括与市场和技术的潜在相互作用。美国的生物能源政策可以追溯到1970年代，并且随着时间的流逝而发展，在最近的主要立法中，各种税收优惠政策加上生产指令。纤维素生物燃料的商业生产在很大程度上受到技术和成本壁垒的阻碍。由于缺乏经验数据以及对生物燃料与生物经济发展，自然生态系统以及社会经济层面之间复杂关系的了解，因此对环境和社会经济影响的估算存在不确定性。现有各种可持续性治理机制，可以在其上建立生物燃料可持续性治理系统。考虑到所有这些因素，我们提出了一个适应性系统，该系统应结合法规，认证，社会规范，市场和技术来进行可持续性监测和治理，并能够为解决与粮食，纤维和粮食的集体土地使用相关的整体环境问题做出贡献。燃料生产。在现有计划和机制的基础上，并适当监测生物燃料和生物产品的发展，