In recent years, increasing global attention has focused on "microplastics" (MPs) and "nanoplastics" (NPs) resulting in many studies on the effects of these compounds on ecological and environmental aspects. These tiny particles (<5000 µm), predominantly derived from the degradation of plastics, pollute the marine and terrestrial ecosystems with the ability to enter into the food chain. In this manner, human consumption of food contaminated with MPs or NPs is unavoidable, but the related consequences remain to be determined. The aim of this review is to complement previous reviews on this topic by providing new studies related to exposure, absorption, and toxicity in mammalian in vivo and in vitro systems. With respect to novel information, gaps and limitations hindering attainment of firm conclusions as well as preparation of a reliable risk assessment are identified. Subsequently, recommendations for in vivo and in vitro testing methods are presented in order to perform further relevant and targeted research studies.

中文翻译：

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摄入的微量和纳米塑料对人体的潜在不良健康影响。从体内和体外哺乳动物模型中学到的经验教训。

近年来，越来越多的全球关注集中在“微塑料”（MPs）和“纳米塑料”（NPs）上，从而导致对这些化合物对生态和环境方面的影响进行了许多研究。这些微小颗粒（<5000 µm）主要来自塑料降解，污染了海洋和陆地生态系统，并具有进入食物链的能力。以这种方式，人类食用被MPs或NPs污染的食物是不可避免的，但是相关的后果仍有待确定。这篇综述的目的是通过提供有关哺乳动物体内和体外系统中的暴露，吸收和毒性的新研究，来补充有关该主题的先前评论。关于新颖的信息，指出了阻碍获得可靠结论以及准备可靠的风险评估的差距和局限性。随后，提出了体内和体外测试方法的建议，以进行进一步的相关和针对性的研究。