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The activation of bystander CD8+ T cells and their roles in viral infection.
Experimental & Molecular Medicine ( IF 9.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-11 , DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1
Tae-Shin Kim 1 , Eui-Cheol Shin 1
Affiliation  

During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.

中文翻译:

旁观者 CD8+ T 细胞的激活及其在病毒感染中的作用。

在病毒感染期间,大量 T 细胞以不依赖 T 细胞受体和依赖细胞因子的方式被激活,这种现象称为“旁观者激活”。细胞因子,包括 I 型干扰素、白细胞介素 18 和白细胞介素 15,是诱导 T 细胞旁观者激活的最重要因素,每一种都发挥着不同的作用。旁观者 T 细胞对病原体缺乏特异性,但仍会影响对感染的免疫反应过程。例如,旁观者激活的 CD8+ T 细胞可以通过分泌细胞因子(如干扰素-γ)参与保护性免疫。它们还通过发挥由NKG2D等自然杀伤细胞激活受体和颗粒酶B等溶细胞分子促进的细胞毒性来介导宿主损伤。有趣的是,最近有报道称,在急性甲型肝炎病毒感染患者中,旁观者激活的 CD8+ T 细胞的溶细胞功能与宿主组织损伤密切相关。目前的综述讨论了旁观者 CD8+ T 细胞的诱导、它们的效应器功能以及它们在感染免疫、免疫病理学和自身免疫中的潜在作用。
更新日期:2019-12-11
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