Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, among which coronary artery diseases (CAD) are the most common type of CVD. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using autologous vein and artery grafts is the typical surgical intervention for CAD patients. However, for patients whose autologous grafts are not available, there are no appropriate substitutes for vascular grafts. Investigation of tissue‐engineered vascular graft (TEVG) has persisted over decades with significant advancement, utilizing different types of biomaterials. In the past two decades, a great number of studies based on cell‐seeding strategies were reported. However, limitations of cell‐based strategies made clinical application difficult. With the understanding of stem cells and tissue remodeling process, strategies without cell‐seeding emerged as potential methods to achieve in situ regeneration. A cell‐free graft may recruit host cells and guide their participation in vascular remodeling. The grafts modified by bio‐active molecules showed good results in promoting in situ regeneration and exhibited potential to make the vascular grafts off‐the‐shelf. In this review, the strategies for cell‐free TEVG manufacturing were discussed, including the materials for fabricating TEVGs, the methods of functionalization to promote in situ regeneration, the challenges researchers faced in TEVG investigation, and finally the prospects in TEVG design.

中文翻译：

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无细胞组织工程血管移植的策略。

心血管疾病（CVD）仍然是世界上发病率和死亡率的主要原因，其中冠状动脉疾病（CAD）是最常见的心血管疾病类型。使用自体静脉和动脉移植物的冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG) 是 CAD 患者的典型手术干预。然而，对于无法获得自体移植物的患者，没有合适的血管移植物替代品。利用不同类型的生物材料，组织工程血管移植物 (TEVG) 的研究已经持续了几十年，并取得了重大进展。在过去的二十年中，报道了大量基于细胞接种策略的研究。然而，基于细胞的策略的局限性使临床应用变得困难。随着对干细胞和组织重塑过程的了解，没有细胞接种的策略成为实现原位再生的潜在方法。无细胞移植物可以招募宿主细胞并指导它们参与血管重塑。生物活性分子修饰的移植物在促进原位再生方面显示出良好的效果，并显示出使血管移植物现成的潜力。在这篇综述中，讨论了无细胞 TEVG 制造的策略，包括制造 TEVG 的材料、促进原位再生的功能化方法、研究人员在 TEVG 研究中面临的挑战，最后是 TEVG 设计的前景。生物活性分子修饰的移植物在促进原位再生方面显示出良好的效果，并显示出使血管移植物现成的潜力。在这篇综述中，讨论了无细胞 TEVG 制造的策略，包括制造 TEVG 的材料、促进原位再生的功能化方法、研究人员在 TEVG 研究中面临的挑战，最后是 TEVG 设计的前景。生物活性分子修饰的移植物在促进原位再生方面显示出良好的效果，并显示出使血管移植物现成的潜力。在这篇综述中，讨论了无细胞 TEVG 制造的策略，包括制造 TEVG 的材料、促进原位再生的功能化方法、研究人员在 TEVG 研究中面临的挑战，最后是 TEVG 设计的前景。