Treating critical‐sized bone defects is an important issue in the field of tissue engineering and bone regeneration. From the various biomaterials for bone regeneration, collagen is an important and widely used biomaterial in biomedical applications, hence, it has numerous attractive properties including biocompatibility, hyper elastic behavior, prominent mechanical properties, support cell adhesion, proliferation, and biodegradability. In the present study, collagen was extracted from duck's feet (DC) as a new collagen source and combined with quercetin (Qtn), a type of flavonoids found in apple and onions and has been reported to affect the bone metabolism, for increasing osteogenic differentiation. Further, improving osteoconductive properties of the scaffold hydroxyapatite (HAp) a biodegradable material was used. We prepared 0, 25, 50, and 100 μM Qtn/DC/HAp sponges using Qtn, DC, and HAp. Their physiochemical characteristics were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength, porosity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To assess the effect of Qtn on osteogenic differentiation, we cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the sponges and evaluated by alkaline phosphatase, 3‐4‐2, 5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, they were studied implanting in rat, analyzed through Micro‐CT and histological staining. From our in vitro and in vivo results, we found that Qtn has an effect on bone regeneration. Among the different experimental groups, 25 μM Qtn/DC/HAp sponge was found to be highly increased in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared with other groups. Therefore, 25 μM Qtn/DC/HAp sponge can be used as an alternative biomaterial for bone regeneration in critical situations.

中文翻译：

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一种含有 BMSCs 的槲皮素/鸭脚胶原蛋白/羟基磷灰石海绵，用于增强骨再生。

治疗临界尺寸的骨缺损是组织工程和骨再生领域的一个重要问题。在用于骨再生的各种生物材料中，胶原蛋白是生物医学应用中重要且广泛使用的生物材料，因此，它具有许多吸引人的特性，包括生物相容性、超弹性行为、突出的机械性能、支持细胞粘附、增殖和生物降解性。在本研究中，从鸭脚 (DC) 中提取胶原蛋白作为一种新的胶原蛋白来源，并与槲皮素 (Qtn) 结合，槲皮素 (Qtn) 是一种在苹果和洋葱中发现的黄酮类化合物，据报道可影响骨代谢，以增加成骨分化. 此外，使用可生物降解的材料改善支架羟基磷灰石 (HAp) 的骨传导性能。我们准备了 0, 25, 50, 和 100 μM Qtn/DC/HAp 海绵，使用 Qtn、​​DC 和 HAp。使用扫描电子显微镜、抗压强度、孔隙率和傅里叶变换红外光谱评估它们的理化特性。为了评估 Qtn 对成骨分化的影响，我们在海绵上培养骨髓间充质干细胞，并通过碱性磷酸酶、3-4-2、5-二苯基溴化四唑测定和实时聚合酶链反应进行评估。此外，他们研究了植入大鼠，通过显微 CT 和组织学染色进行分析。从我们的体外和体内结果中，我们发现 Qtn 对骨再生有影响。在不同的实验组中，与其他组相比，发现 25 μM Qtn/DC/HAp 海绵在细胞增殖和成骨分化方面高度增加。所以，